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Status prawny osób pozostających w związkach partnerskich w gospodarstwach rolnych

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Blajer P.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

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2013

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vol. 11

191-206

EN

The typology of basic attitudes European legislators manifest with respect to the issue of cohabitation may be characterised as either progressive (favourable to the institutionalization of cohabitation relationships) or traditional (allowing for the institutionalization of marriage, construed as a relationship of a woman and a man only). The Polish legislator has consistently supported the latter view. In consequence, de facto relationships imitating marriage, i.e. cohabitation relationships (both of hetero and homosexual nature) do not enjoy the protection and care of the state guaranteed by the Constitution, which, of course, does not mean that the law prohibits such relationships. However, as a rule, cohabitation has remained unregulated, and all attempts to institutionalize relationships of this type, undertaken since 1990s, have ended in failure. To a small extent the social phenomena of cohabitation is reflected at the level of social norms which employ expressions referring to cohabitees, such as “sharing common domestic life”, “being in a de facto relationship”, “close (closest) person”. These expressions are found in many specific legal regulations, including tax law, housing law and social insurance law. In a small number of cases, they may be also found in agricultural law, including in particular the act on the determination of the agricultural system specifying the rules for trade in farmland in Poland. Therefore, these rudimental legal norms only allow for outlining the legal status of cohabitees in Poland, including cohabitees in agricultural enterprises. There are also no general regulations governing the status of women in rural areas, though it should be emphasized that Polish regulations do not contain any formal manifestation of discrimination due to gender, which should be appreciated. Nonetheless, Poland still lacks a more comprehensive state policy aimed at motivating women to enter the job market, which in turn is reflected by scarcity of legal regulations in this respect. Poland’s membership in the European Union has served as a trigger for positive change, and various mechanisms stipulated by the Rural Development Programme, including the Leader approach in particular, containincentives for higher involvement of women in work for the rural community. Nevertheless, these mechanisms continue to be insufficient and are rather first steps in the process of promoting activeness of women in rural areas than the final touch. Therefore one should hope that in future the Polish state will intensify its actions aimed at improving the situation of women in rural areas.

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‘DEEDS RECORDATION’ ‘TITLE REGISTRATION’. ROZWIąZANIA MODELOWE W ZAKRESIE REJESTRóW NIERUCHOMOŚCI W SYSTEMIE ‘COMMON LAW’

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Blajer P.

Zeszyty Prawnicze

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2013

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vol. 13

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issue 4

53-90

PL

DEEDS REGISTRATION AND TITLE REGISTRATION: MODEL SOLUTIONS CONCERNING LAND REGISTRIES IN THE COMMON LAW SYSTEM Summary The aim of this article is to present the two main land registration models in the common law countries, i.e. deeds recordation and title registration, taking into account the broader historical perspective indicating their origins, evolution and developments, as well as the current state of legal regulations in the field of registration of interest in land. The system of deeds recordation is characterized on the basis of regulations adopted in the vast majority of the US states, whereas the title registration model is presented against the background of the Torrens system, the origins of which date back to 19th-century Australian legislation. From Australia this particular land registration system spread to other continents. A comparison is carried out of the two systems, taking into account their advantages and disadvantages, and the reasons for the global success of the title registration model are indicated. On the grounds of the regulations adopted in Scotland and the Republic of South Africa the author makes also an attempt to characterize the mixed systems, which are generally based on the deeds recordation model but emploi some solutions typical for the title registration system. Concluding the article, the author tries to indicate the particular characteristics of title registration model which could be a source of inspiration for the potential optimization of the Polish land registry system.

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Z DZIEJÓW FRANCUSKIEGO MODELU „LA PUBLICITÉ FONCIÈRE”

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Blajer P.

Zeszyty Prawnicze

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2016

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vol. 16

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issue 1

89-133

PL

Some Aspects of the History of the French ‘Publicité Foncière’ System Summary In this article the author applies a broad historical perspective todescribe the origins and evolution of the French publicité foncière system as an instrument for the publicity (record-keeping) of propertytransactions. To achieve this aim he divides the article into particular chaptersas required by the nature of the subject. According to the systematicsadopted in the French literature, the history of the publicité foncièresystem is divided into three fundamental periods, which are discussedin three separate chapters. These three main periods are the age ofl’ancien droit (viz. French law prior to the Revolution), the legislationof the Revolutionary period and Napoleonic Code; the period since themortgage law of 1855.The research conducted in the article’s three main chapters enablesthe author to identify the factors which have determined the main trendin the history of the French method of land registration, and the extentto which it has influenced Polish regulations on land registration.

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Gospodarstwo rolne jako przedmiot zapisu windykacyjnego – wybrane problemy

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Blajer P.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

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2011

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vol. 9

185-201

EN

The article discusses a wide range of issues concerning the new legal institution introduced to the Polish legal system by the bill to amend the Polish Civil Code –i.e. “specific bequest”. The bill introduced a specific bequest alongside the current ordinary bequest. The item in question – which could take the form of personalty, an alienable property right, an enterprise or agricultural farm, or usufruct or a servitude– will go to the named legatee as soon as the estate enters probate. Thanks to this new institution testator will be able to assign a specific item of his property to a specific person (heir or not). For the agricultural law doctrine the most important issue concerning the institution of specific bequest is the fact that its item can be “agricultural farm”. In this way the notion of “agricultural farm” – central institution of rural law – has been introduced to the general provisions of inheritance law and, therefore, its importance has been strongly valorized. On the other hand, however, new regulations create a great number of serious doubts and problems which can easily put in question its practical importance. These problems have been divided in the paper in two basic groups. The first group concerns so–called “technical” problems. The most important one is the question of describing the agricultural farm in the notarial will, taking into account the doctrinal postulate of its maximal specification and substantiation as well as unification of descriptions in will and in the court’s ruling confirming the rights to the item of specific bequest. This problem should be analyzed with respect to the social – economic fact that agricultural farm only very rarely is the item of the property right. Usually, it is complicated construction consisting of different items and rights which do not have to be owned by the farmer. The second group of problems examined in the article was called “political issues”. In this part of paper Author tries to prove that the institution of specific bequest does not ensure satisfactory level of protection for the agricultural farm. Firstly, this legal instrument enables unqualified heirs access to the farm. Secondly, it can provoke the unreasonable partition of the farm. Moreover, it can also occur dangerous to the economic basis of the farm, regarding the fact that legatees are severally liable for heritable debts and can be also liable to certain statutory heirs. With respect to above–mentioned arguments, the strong need of the suitable legal institution – which would facilitate the generational changes in the agricultural farms – is to be stressed.

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Sąsiedzkie prawo pierwokupu a struktura gruntowa polskich gospo-darstw rolnych – panaceum czy pandemonium?

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Blajer P.

Przegląd Prawa Rolnego

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2015

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issue 2 (17)

45-65

EN

The article tackles the issue of the neighbour’s right of first refusal introduced to the legislation by the Act of 5 August 2015 on the Shaping of the Agricultural Regime. The aim of the deliberations was to confront this new, under Polish law, institution with solu-tions that have been for long operational in Italy and Spain. The research also took into account some premises of the regulation, in particular the manner in which it will be im-plemented. The results of the analysis are expected to answer the question formulated in the title of the article, whether the neighbour’s right of first refusal is an effective tool for the shaping of a proper agrarian structure of Polish agricultural holdings, or, whether to the contrary, when shaped as provided in the Act, this new solution will put the trading in agri-cultural land on hold. In the concluding remarks critical opinions of the new regulation are formulated with a suggestion that legislative work be undertaken to amend the provisions of the regulation having regard for the results of a comparative study.

IT

L’oggetto delle considerazioni è il diritto di prelazione del confinante introdotto nella legge del 5 agosto 2015 sulla configurazione dell’ordinamento agrario. L’obiettivo dello studio è di confrontare l’istituto di prelazione del confinante, nuovo nel sistema polacco di diritto agrario, con le soluzioni da anni funzionanti in Italia e Spagna. Le ulteriori consi-derazioni terranno conto delle premesse oggettive e soggettive del diritto in oggetto e – in particolare – della modalità di attuazione. I risultati dell’analisi dovranno permettere di rispondere alla domanda formulata nel titolo, vale a dire se il diritto di prelazione del confinante costituisca effettivamente uno strumento per la configurazione di una corretta struttura fondiaria delle aziende agricole polacche oppure se, al contrario, l’istituto in esame, nella forma prevista dalla legge, possa portare ad una sospensione nella compravendita dei fondi agricoli. Nella parte conclusiva l’autore formula una valutazione critica dell’istituto giuridico analizzato. La sua entrata in vigore rischia addirittura di portare ad una paralisi nella compravendita dei fondi agricoli. Per cui pare indispensabile intraprendere lavori legislativi volti a cambiare le disposizioni relative a questo istituto, dando più rilievo ai risultati della ricerca comparata. L’analisi giuridica comparata fornisce infatti tante indicazioni specifiche relative ad una potenziale forma di “prelazione del confinante” di stampo polacco.

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Definicja i status rolnika indywidualnego w świetle nowelizacji ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego

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Blajer P.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

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2012

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vol. 10

473-488

EN

The article discusses a wide range of issues concerning the amendments introduced to the Polish bill od 11th April 2003 on shaping of agricultural structure by the law of 16th September 2011. Among other things, the law altered definition of the individual farmer, one of the most important institutions in Polish system of agricultural law. In the first instance, the article examines the modifications of the criteria which construct the definition of the individual farmer. Among them the special emphasis is laid on the criterion of professional qualifications, because of the fact that its redaction was strongly criticized on the basis of the former legislation. Author makes an attempt to evaluate the new formulation of above mentioned definition trying to point out its both positive and negative aspects. Further, Author describes current status of individual farmers in Polish agricultural law, indicating few regulations which concern this professional group in Poland. The analysis refers to the situation after the introduction of the law of 16th September 2011 and results in firm dispraise of the current regulations. With respect to above–mentioned arguments, the strong need of further studies both on definition of individual farmer and his status in Polish legal system– is to be stressed.

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Public control of share deals in companies owning agricultural real estate in a comparative perspective

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Blajer P.

Przegląd Prawa Rolnego

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2022

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issue 2(31)

45-68

IT

L’articolo sottopone a esame il modello polacco di controllo pubblico dell’acquisto di quote o azioni in società proprietarie degli immobili agricoli nella sua impostazione attuale. L’analisi, svolta in una prospettiva comparata, prende in considerazione regolazioni in materia vigenti in Francia, Svizzera e in alcuni Stati federati dell’Austria, come anche proposte legislative relative al controllo pubblico di questo tipo di transazioni elaborate in alcuni Stati federati della Germania. Nella parte conclusiva l’autore ribadisce la necessità di esercitare il controllo pubblico dell’acquisto in esame, il che permette di fornire una risposta a un fenomeno denominato come “land-grabbing”, rileva anche evidenti carenze della normativa polacca in materia. Tali carenze concernono in particolar modo l’ambito di applicazione del controllo esercitato dal Centro nazionale per il sostegno agricolo, perché non determinato in modo adeguato, riguardano anche alcuni strumenti del controllo controversi, quali diritto di prelazione oppure diritto d’acquisto di competenza del Centro. L’autore fa notare che soluzioni adottate in alcuni ordinamenti giuridici stranieri potrebbero diventare fonte d’ispirazione per il legislatore polacco, qualora esso decida di apportare modifiche agli strumenti di controllo pubblico dell’acquisto in esame.

EN

The aim of the research carried out within the framework of the publication is to evaluate, in a comparative perspective, the Polish concepts of public law control of share deals in companies owning agricultural real estate. In its first part, the general shape of the Polish model of control of transactions concerning shares of companies owning agricultural real estate is presented. The second part of the work refers to attempts to subject such transactions to public law control, undertaken in parallel in other European countries, i.e. France, Switzerland and some Austrian federal states. This part also discusses some interesting legislative projects being developed in this respect in some German federal states, which, however, have not, as yet, entered into force. Conclusions drawn from the comparison of Polish and foreign legal regulations, as well as the resulting observations relating to the most serious problems of the solutions adopted in Poland are, in turn, the subject of the concluding remarks.

PL

Rozważania koncentrują się na analizie aktualnego kształtu polskiego modelu kontroli obrotu udziałami lub akcjami spółek będących właścicielami nieruchomości rolnych w perspektywie prawnoporówanwczej, uwzględniającej odpowiednie regulacje obowiązujące we Francji, Szwajcarii i w niektórych austriackich krajach związkowych, a także projekty aktów prawnych dotyczących publicznoprawnej kontroli tego typu transakcji opracowane w niektórych niemieckich krajach związkowych. W konkluzji autor stwierdza potrzebę publicznej kontroli obrotu udziałami lub akcjami w spółkach będących właścicielami nieruchomości rolnych, jako reakcji na dostrzegalne zjawisko określane jako „land-grabbing”, a także odnotowuje ewidentne braki polskich regulacji w tym zakresie. Braki te dotyczą w szczególności niewłaściwie określonego zakresu przedmiotowego kontroli obrotu sprawowanej prze Krajowy Ośrodek Wsparcia Rolnictwa (KOWR), jak też kontrowersyjnych narzędzi samej kontroli w postaci prawa pierwokupu i tzw. prawa nabycia przysługujących KOWR. Autor zauważa, że rozwiązania przyjmowane w niektórych zagranicznych porządkach prawnych mogłyby stać się inspiracją dla polskiego ustawodawcy w przypadku planowania przez niego modernizacji instrumentów publicznoprawnej kontroli obrotu udziałami lub akcjami w spółkach będących właścicielami nieruchomości rolnych.

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Status prawny osób pozostających w związkach partnerskich w gospodarstwach rolnych

‘DEEDS RECORDATION’ ‘TITLE REGISTRATION’. ROZWIąZANIA MODELOWE W ZAKRESIE REJESTRóW NIERUCHOMOŚCI W SYSTEMIE ‘COMMON LAW’

Z DZIEJÓW FRANCUSKIEGO MODELU „LA PUBLICITÉ FONCIÈRE”

Gospodarstwo rolne jako przedmiot zapisu windykacyjnego – wybrane problemy

Sąsiedzkie prawo pierwokupu a struktura gruntowa polskich gospo-darstw rolnych – panaceum czy pandemonium?

Definicja i status rolnika indywidualnego w świetle nowelizacji ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego

Public control of share deals in companies owning agricultural real estate in a comparative perspective