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1

Niektóre działania władz Polski Ludowej przeciwko szpitalom zakonnym w latach 1949-1958

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Szymański A.
Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL
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2007
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vol. 3
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issue 1 Prawo
115-141
EN
In all analyzed cases emphasis is laid on the instrumental treatment of the law by Polish Communist authorities. They made and interpreted legal acts according to self-assumed goals, therefore the law was perceived as an ‘extremely efficient instrument of policymaking’. Confessional policy of the State was characterized by pursuance of possibly quick secularization of society by methodological limitation of the Catholic Church’s law (as well as other confessional associations) in fulfilling its mission in society. The justification of such a policy was based on that the Communists keenly realized the doctrine of separation of the Church from State, and, what is more, an atheistic ideology according to which confessional associations were treated as competitors on the political and ideological ground.
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Sprawa operacyjnego sprawdzenia kryptonim „Zakonnik”. Inwigilacja ks. Henryka Surmy przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa w latach 1974-1977

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Szymański A.
Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego
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2018
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vol. 21
221-238
EN
The aim of the study is to depict, using the case of one of the monks as an example, the operational activity of Security Service towards the clergy, who were the focus of attention of this institution due to suspicions of conducting “anti-state” activity. Such cases of operational investigation were frequently launched by Security Service in the Polish People’s Republic, and they aimed at verifying allegations of activity considered to be hostile to the communist regime. Rev. Henryk Surma, who did not consent to the communist restrictions of human rights and the authorities’ efforts to relegate the Church to the periphery of society, made attempts to gain the resources for the renovation of his parish church using his private connections with citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany. Suspected of conducting anti-state activity, he was subjected to numerous forms of control and pressure. Ultimately, the investigation was closed after several years, and the charges of conducting activity against the Polish People’s Republic were not proved. The records of the case show that Rev. Surma was a good priest whose commitment attracted the attention of Security Service. The present article is based on the archival documents from the Archive of the Institute of National Remembrance.
PL
Celem opracowania jest ukazanie na przykładzie jednego z zakonników sposobu postępowania Służby Bezpieczeństwa wobec duchownych, którzy znaleźli się w spektrum zainteresowania tej instytucji, z uwagi na podejrzenie prowadzenia „antypaństwowej” działalności. Tego rodzaju sprawy operacyjnego sprawdzenia zakładane były przez Służbę Bezpieczeństwa PRL bardzo często i miały na celu sprawdzenie doniesień o prowadzeniu przez duchownych działalności uznawanej przez władze komunistyczne za wrogą ustrojowi PRL. Ks. Henryk Surma, nie godząc się na komunistyczne ograniczenia praw człowieka, ani na dążenia władz PRL zmierzające do marginalizacji Kościoła, próbował na własną rękę pozyskać środki na remont kościoła parafialnego, wykorzystując przy tym swoje prywatne kontakty z obywatelami RFN. Podejrzany o działania antypaństwowe, poddany został przez funkcjonariuszy Służby Bezpieczeństwa wszechstronnej kontroli i naciskom. Ostatecznie inwigilację zakończono po kilku latach, nie udowodniwszy duchownemu działania na szkodę PRL. Akta sprawy pokazują, że ks. Surma był dobrym duszpasterzem, który za swe zaangażowanie zapłacił zainteresowaniem ze strony Służby Bezpieczeństwa. Artykuł oparty został na materiałach archiwalnych zgromadzonych w Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej.
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Leon Powolny. Bohater walki o polskość Śląska Opolskiego czy defraudant?

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Szymański A.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
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2019
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vol. 29
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issue 3
155-168
PL
W artykule Leon Powolny. Bohater walki o polskość Śląska Opolskiego czy defraudant? ukazano jeden z mniej znanych epizodów z życia tego zasłużonego bojownika o polskość Śląska Opolskiego. Powolny – jak wskazują na to materiały źródłowe – był także złodziejem, defraudantem, który okradł bank, w którym pracował. Przez niemiecki wymiar sprawiedliwości skazany został na karę więzienia i tę najprawdopodobniej odbył. Po czym dalej funkcjonował w ruchu mniejszościowym na eksponowanych stanowiskach, był dowódcą struktur konspiracyjnych podczas II wojny światowej i zginął śmiercią męczeńską w niemieckim więzieniu w Brandenburgu, gdzie ścięto mu głowę toporem. Na pytanie, jak można było pogodzić te dwie postawy, autor z pokorą odpowiada: nie wiem! Być może szerzej zakrojone badania archiwalne pozwolą odpowiedzieć na tak postawione pytanie.
EN
In the paper „Leon Powolny. Hero of fight for Polishness of Opole Silesia or defrauder?” one of fewer known episodes was presented from the honoured fighter for the Polishness of Opole Silesia. Leon Powolny – as the source materials indicate – was also a thief, defrauder who robbed the bank in which he worked. By the German jurisdiction he was sentenced to imprisonment and he most likely served that sentence. Afterwards he functioned in the minority movement at exposed posts, he was a commander of the conspiracy structures during the Second World War and he died a martyr’s death in the German prison in Brandenburg where his head was cut off by means of an axe. On the question how to bring together those two attitudes, the author with humility answers: I do not know! Perhaps wider developed archive research will allow replying such a question asked.
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Niektóre aspekty funkcjonowania wyznaniowych placówek opiekuńczo-wychowawczych w realiach Polski Ludowej

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Szymański A.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2012
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vol. X
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issue 4
95-112
EN
The paper consists of three parts representing different degrees of autonomy within the scope of the subject area encompassed by the title. In the first part, the author discusses questions which are little known about, relating to a number of monastic orders applying after 1956 for the restitution of their property which they had been deprived of in the earlier time. Apart from that the orders appealed for having formerly liquidated care-educational centres run by them reopened. The party-state authorities did everything in their power not to execute the restitution and to prolong the relevant formal procedures, employing the existing legal norms for that purpose. When, in 1981, in consequence of the collapse of the state social care system, the authorities began to grant official permissions to religious orders to establish and run denominational care institutions (which is discussed in the second part of the paper), they had to exempt the interested orders from “the requirement of the secular nature of care-educational activity which is run” on the basis of Art. 39, item 3 of the extremely anti-clerical Act on development of education and rearing of 15 July 1961, which was taken advantage of earlier to liquidate the denominational school system in Poland. One can hear history snigger here… An issue which is connected with the above-mentioned problem is the question of subsidizing the social care activity of denominational organizations by the state – the People’s Republic of Poland. Without such subsidies the majority of institutions would not have been able to function at all, and it was withholding the subsidies that for many years had been one of the easier, though somewhat time-consuming, ways of liquidating church-based institutions. Beginning with the second half of the 1970s, the modus operandi of the authorities, regarding this sphere, started to undergo changes. In some cases the authorities of individual provinces went as far as to offer to monastic orders to subsidize the care centres run by the latter, still the offer was not always accepted: the experience of many decades had taught the orders to beware of too strong dependence on this type of support, the more so as, in many cases, they had learned to function in the area of charity and were able to survive without the aid from the public purse. Thus, it was also in this sphere where the authorities of the socialist state were forced to move beyond the frames of the anti-monastic and anti-clerical law which they had established themselves.
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XII Colloquium Prawno-Historyczne „Edukacja prawnicza od Bejrutu do Bolonii. W jubileusz 10-lecia Wydziału Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Opolskiego”, Brzeg, 10-11 maja 2016 r.

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Szymański A.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2016
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vol. 14
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issue 2
233-239
EN
Report from the XII Legal-Historical Colloquium “The legal education from Beirut to Bologna. On the jubilee of the 10th anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration of Opole University”, 
PL
Sprawozdanie z XII Colloquium Prawno-Historycznego „Edukacja prawnicza od Bejrutu do Bolonii. W jubileusz 10-lecia Wydziału Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Opolskiego”.
6
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Константин Великий и св. Елена на фресках Яна Кубена в Воздвиженском костеле в Бжеге

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Szymański A.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2019
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vol. 17
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issue 3
173-182
EN
The paper introduces the splendid representations of Emperor Constantine the Great and Saint Helena in Jan Kuben’s frescos in the church under invocation of the Triumph of the Cross in Brzeg. They testify strongly of the incessant presence of the creative reflection over the Christian ancient times in the area of Opole Silesia in the period of the Catholic reform in the 18th century. Kuben’s trompe-l’oeil constitutes a wonderful combination of deeply experienced Catholic spirituality with the genius of the artist – a visionary.
7
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Przejmowanie wyznaniowych fundacji dobroczynnych w PRL przed wejściem w życie dekretu z dnia 24 kwietnia 1952 roku o zniesieniu fundacji

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Szymański A.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2017
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vol. 15
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issue 2
213-226
PL
This article analyses, in terms of the legal aspect, the process of dissolution of selected religious foundations before the decree of 24th April 1952 concerning the elimination of those foundations entered into life. The author bases his arguments on the analysis of concrete cases, whose descriptions were found during his archival research.
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Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza w Brudzeniu Dużym w latach 1972–1986

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Szymański A.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2016
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vol. 14
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issue 3
109-130
EN
In this text, the author presents the functioning of the Commune Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party in Brudzń Duży, a commune lying near Płock, in the years 1972–1986. It is mainly the minutes of meetings of the commune party authorities, which were analyzed, paying special attention to their reaction towards the challenge of daily life in the period before – during – and after the political breakthrough in 1981. On the basis of the analysis of the source materials, heavy ideologization of thinking of the management staff of the Municipal Committee was found and in consequence – incapacity to respond to social expectations. Hence, it led to a collapse of the influence of the Polish United Workers’ Party all over the country and then – to the liquidation of the entire political formation.
9
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Księga praw miejskich Głubczyc (Codex Iuris Lubschicensis)

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Szymański A.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2018
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vol. 16
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issue 4 (1)
51-62
PL
In the paper, a unique monument in the area of town charters history is presented, that is The Town Charter of Głubczyce. At present, housed by the National Archives in Opole, it was written in Gothic. On the both sides of each of the 241 parchment pages of goat skin in two columns (several pages have got only ruled lines). It was bound later on (the beginning of the 20th century) in oak boards, covered with brown leather. The corners of the both covers and their insides have brass bindings of open-work with the motif of a crown and cone knobs – feet. The book has the following dimensions 40 x 29.5 [cm] and is well preserved. The legal regulations contained in it became the basis of functioning of many towns in Silesia, Czech and Moravia, laying the foundation for the family of the town rights of Głubczyce.
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Władza ludowa contra brat Kloc. Z frontu walki z nielegalnym handlem dewocjonaliami w powiecie kozielskim w 1965 r.

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Szymański A.
Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego
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2019
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vol. 22
191-200
EN
The article presents the case of one of the monks of the Catholic Church. In the author’s opinion, this case is a good illustration of the realities of the clergy in the period of People’s Republic of Poland. Wojciech Kloc from the Albertine Brothers traded devotional objects in order to earn funds for the renovation of the roof of the monastery. For this reason, he was detained by the militia in the vicinity of one of the churches in Kędzierzyn (the Koźle district). The militia took away both the devotional items he was trading and the money found on him. The monk’s deed was recognised as a crime under the Act of 1958 on the permissions for non-public economic units to be engaged in industry, craft, trade and some services. The District Court in Koźle sentenced Brother Wojciech Kloc to a fine, ordered him to pay the court costs and ordered forfeiture of the devotional items to  the State Treasury. The present article is based on the archival documents from the Archives of the Institute of National Remembrance.
PL
W artykule przedstawiony został casus jednego z zakonników Kościoła Katolickiego. Zdaniem autora przypadek ten dobrze ilustruje realia, w jakich przyszło żyć duchowieństwu w Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej. Wojciech Kloc, ze Zgromadzenia Braci Albertynów, prowadził handel dewocjonaliami w celu zarobienia pieniędzy na remont dachu domu zakonnego. Z tego powodu został zatrzymany przez milicję przed jednym z kościołów w Kędzierzynie (powiat kozielski), gdzie odebrano mu dewocjonalia, którymi handlował oraz pieniądze, które przy nim znaleziono. Czyn, którego się dopuścił zakonnik, został zakwalifikowany jako przestępstwo w świetle ustawy z 1958 r. o zezwoleniach na wykonywanie przemysłu, rzemiosła, handlu i niektórych usług przez jednostki gospodarki nieuspołecznionej. Sąd Powiatowy w Koźlu skazał brata Wojciecha Kloca na karę grzywny, nakazał pokrycie kosztów sądowych, a także orzekł przepadek dewocjonaliów na rzecz Skarbu Państwa. Artykuł oparty został na materiałach archiwalnych zgromadzonych w Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej.
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Starania wyznawców Kościoła Schwenkfelder z USA o odzyskanie dawnego cmentarza i obelisku pamiątkowego w Twardocicach w latach 1975–1977

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Szymański A.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2012
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vol. X
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issue 3
85-95
EN
The paper makes reference to the history of the Schwenkfelder Church – a most original and, to a large extent, forgotten religious union. The Church was established by Caspar Schwenkfeld von Ossig (1489–1561) – a religious reformer, a preacher who was active within the Protestant movement in the area of Lower Silesia. The followers of Schwenkfeld (the Schwenkfeldists) remained in a certain doctrinal opposition towards the then dominant Protestant denominations and also – which is obvious – towards the Catholic Church. To some they were thus dissidents, to others – heretics. Their number oscillated around 1.300–1.500 people. In the first half of the 13th century, part of the Schwenkfeldists emigrated from Lower Silesia to America. In 1976, a group of followers of the Schwenkfelder Church from the USA undertook to regain the old cemetery (including the commemorative obelisk erected within the cemetery’s borders) that had belonged to this denominational community, which was located on a private farm in Twardocice, in the former Province of Legnica. The endeavours of the followers of the Schwenkfelder Church turned successful only after many years. Thanks to the personal engagement, among others, of a representative of the US Senate, on 2 August 2003, it was possible to once again consecrate the monument in the cemetery in Twardocice. The author essays also to present the actions related to the whole issue under discussion, which were taken by the administration of the People’s Republic of Poland.
12

The Church’s Temporal Goods in the Work and the Final Document Drafted by the First Synod of the Diocese of Opole

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Szymański A.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
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2018
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vol. 28
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issue 1 English Online Version
101-117
EN
In the article, a reflection is made on the legal regulations developed by the First Synod of the Diocese of Opole, concerning the management of temporal goods of the Diocese. The study presents the content of 17 statutes and 5 annexes (as well as considering earlier studies produced by one of the synodal working commissions, intended to be discussed by the parish synodal groups), and reflects on the completeness of the legal treatment of this vital yet complex area of ecclesiastical life. The solutions adopted by the Synod should be considered incomplete, but the synodal legislator, that is the diocesan bishop, has the right to enact such particular norms as he deems appropriate and necessary.
13

Dobra doczesne Kościoła w pracach i dokumencie końcowym I Synodu Diecezji Opolskiej

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Szymański A.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
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2018
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vol. 28
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issue 1
115-131
PL
W artykule podjęto refleksję na temat regulacji prawnych wytworzonych przez I Synod Diecezji Opolskiej, a dotyczących zarządu dobrami doczesnymi diecezji. Przedstawiono treść 17 statutów oraz 5 aneksów (tłem dla rozważań były także wcześniejsze opracowania jednej z komisji roboczych Synodu, przeznaczone do dyskusji w parafialnych zespołach synodalnych), po czym podjęto refleksję na temat kompletności prawnego ujęcia tej ważnej i złożonej dziedziny życia kościelnego. Rozwiązania przyjęte przez Synod uznać należy za niepełne, jednak prawodawca synodalny, jakim jest biskup diecezjalny, ma prawo stanowić takie normy partykularne, jakie uzna za właściwe i konieczne.
EN
In the paper under title: Worldly goods of Church in works and final document of the I Synod of Opole Diocese reflection was taken on the subject of the legal regulations generated by the I Synod of Opole Diocese and concerning the management of the worldly goods of the diocese. The contents of 17 statutes and 5 annexures were presented (also the earlier elaborations of one of the working commissions of the Synod was the background for consideration which was designed for the discussion in the parish synod teams), and afterwards a reflection was taken on the completeness of the legal recognition of this important and complex field of the church life. The solutions undertaken by the Synod should be recognized as not complete, however the synod legislator who was the diocesan bishop has the right to establish such particular standards as he deemed as correct and necessary.
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Rola Kościoła polskiego w odzyskaniu skarbów wawelskich

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Szymański A.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2011
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vol. IX
221-234
EN
The paper discusses the backstage of the negotiations concerning the return to Poland of the priceless collection of the so-called the Wawel treasure, which had survived the wartime storm being deposited in Canada. The negotiations were, in its major part, carried out by the Polish Church. The authorities of the Polish People’s Republic, beginning with 1945, constantly pressed the Canadian government and demanded that the deposit should be returned. On the other hand, the guardians of the treasure were of the opinion that it would not be safe in Poland – at that time remaining a satellite state to the Soviet Union, and „Russians once again can behave like in 1795, when they took away the tapestries and other objects of value from the Wawel”. In the end, the valuable deposit (136 tapestries and other museum exhibits packed into 24 boxes) returned to Poland on 16 January 1961. That would not have been possible had it not been for intensive negotiations lasting a few years prior to that, which were conducted by the Primate of Poland, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński. With the authority of the Church, the Cardinal supported the efforts to have the treasure returned to the nation who was its righteous owner. The second part of the publication presents some information relating to the subject matter in question, which was found in the Western media.
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Starania na rzecz budowy meczetu w przedwojennej Warszawie. Realizacja indywidualnej czy wspólnotowej wolności wyznania?

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Szymański A.
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
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2015
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vol. XIII
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issue 4
97-105
EN
In the paper, the efforts of the metropolitan religious Moslem commune are discussed concerning the construction of the mosque in Warsaw before the war, as well as the friendly approach on this question of the state authorities, supporting the construction project. In spite of the fact that finally the construction was not started, the author answers the question asked in the title that the attempts of the state authorities of the II Republic of Poland to make the construction of the Moslem temple possible in the capital of the country should be recognized certainly as realization of the religious freedom both in the individual and community-related aspects.
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Pierwszy Synod Diecezji Opolskiej 2002-2005

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Szymański A.
Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL
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2008
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vol. 4
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issue 1 Prawo
139-170
EN
In a detailed discussion the author presents the course of the first synodical assembly in the history of the Opole Diocese; he discusses the results of the Synod’s proceedings, that is the synodical statutes; and he takes a position on the contents of the annexes supplementing the statutes. In the conclusion the author points to the significance of the Synod for the presence and future of the Church in the Opole region.
17
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The Complex-Number Mortality Model (CNMM) based on orthonormal expansion of membership functions

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Szymański A., Rossa A.
Statistics in Transition new series
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2021
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vol. 22
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issue 3
31-57
EN
The paper deals with a new fuzzy version of the Lee-Carter (LC) mortality model, in which mortality rates as well as parameters of the LC model are treated as triangular fuzzy numbers. As a starting point, the fuzzy Koissi-Shapiro (KS) approach is recalled. Based on this approach, a new fuzzy mortality model - CNMM - is formulated using orthonormal expansions of the inverse exponential membership functions of the model components. The paper includes numerical findings based on a case study with the use of the new mortality model compared to the results obtained with the standard LC model.
18
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Physical Exercise Addiction Among Students Based on the EDS-R Scale Adapted for Poland

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Krzyżak-Szymańska E., Szymański A.
Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana
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2023
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vol. 26
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issue 2
PL
Celem podjętych badań była adaptacja testu ESD-R autorstwa H.A. Hausenblas i D. Symons Downs do polskich warunków oraz ocena skali występowania uzależnienia od ćwiczeń fizycznych wśród studentów. Badania przeprowadzono online. Objęły one 290 osób w wieku od 19 do 23 lat. Stosując analizę czynnikową, potwierdzono strukturę 7-czynnikową skali ESD-R i dobrą jej wewnętrzną spójność. Wszystkie podskale charakteryzowały się dobrą rzetelnością. Do oceny trafności kryterialnej skali zastosowano pomiar korelacji między skalą EDS-R a pytaniem dotyczącym tygodniowej liczby godzin wykonywania ćwiczeń fizycznych przez respondenta. Liczba godzin uprawiania ćwiczeń w tygodniu była dodatnio powiązana ze wszystkimi podskalami EDS-R. Wyniki te potwierdziły także analizy różnicowe. Na podstawie testu EDS-R uczestnicy zostali sklasyfikowani jako: (1) zagrożeni uzależnieniem od ćwiczeń fizycznych (5,5%), (2) nieuzależnieni (grupa objawowa) (78,3%) oraz (3) nieuzależnieni (grupa bezobjawowa) (21,7%). Prezentowany materiał może się przyczynić do dalszych badań z wykorzystaniem polskiej adaptacji skali EDS-R w różnych populacjach (np. ze względu na różne aktywności fizyczne podejmowane przez ćwiczących).
EN
The purpose of the research was to adapt the Exercise Dependence Scale – Revised (EDS-R) by H. A. Hausenblas and D. Symons Downs to the Polish context and to evaluate the exercise addiction rate among students. The research was conducted online with 290 interviewees aged 19–23 years. Factor analysis confirmed the 7-factor structure of the EDS-R test and its good internal consistency. All the subscales were characterized by adequate reliability. To evaluate scale’s accuracy, the correlation between the EDS-R scale and a question concerning the number of hours of exercise per week was measured. The number of hours spent exercising per week was favorably connected with all of the subscales of the EDS-R. Those results were confirmed by differential analysis. Based on the EDS-R test, the participants were classified as (1) at risk of exercise addiction (5.5%), (2) not addicted (symptomatic group) (72.8%) and (3) not addicted (asymptomatic) (21.7%). The material presented in the article may contribute to further research using the Polish adaptation of the EDS-R scale in different populations (e.g., due to different physical activities undertaken by the exercisers).
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