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A structural gene – evolving term and dilemmas

100%
Chorąży M.
Nauka
|
2009
|
issue 3
PL
The term “gene” was originally used as a purely theoretical concept. After discovery of DNA structure, and understanding the genetic code, the gene acquired a form of a distinct physical entity with its borders and specific signal sequences, having rather simple (as it was thought at that time) functions and relation to phenotype outcome. The term “structural gene” has been coined. The unique gene structure, and several unusual and omnipotent traits have been ascribed to the gene that resulted in the formulation of a “genocentric” theory as a basic expla nation of all features of living organisms. However, recent discoveries reveal a complex structure and functions of eukaryotic genes. It appears now that the coding sequences (exons) are spread out over extended regions (hundreds of thousands of kilobases) of DNA. The role of protein-non coding DNA sequences were recognized, and the new mechanisms controlling gene functions have been discovered. In addition, we acquired the knowledge about a powerful ability of the cell to interpret the information potential of genes, accordingly to the needs of a cell/organ or actual “context” and status of the dynamic systems operating within the cell. All these discoveries undermine the genocentric view of life. At this time any definition of “gene” seems to be inadequate with present knowledge, and one may ask again: what is a gene?
2

Złożoność i hierarchia organizmów żywych

100%
Chorąży M.
Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej
|
2012
|
vol. 11
13-38
EN
In this essay I presented basic information on complexity of life, starting with general characteristics of complexity. The complexity was explained in terms of quantity of parts, organized by not their summation, but by their ability to selforganization and creation of novelty on the way to the wholeness in a course of evolution. A short review of evolving cell from elementary particles and atoms, through simple chemical molecules and macromolecules, self-organized networks and morphological structures of the cell were presented. All living organisms reveal distinct hierarchical organization from basic level (atoms, molecules) to cells and multicellular individuals. Complexity is increasing with the increased hierarchical levels. However phenomena of life on higher level of hierarchy can not be explained or reduced to characteristics and properties of chemical molecules but by interaction between them and integration of various molecular processes at a lover levels of hierarchy. More detailed view on hierarchical organization of the human, relation between various levels of hierarchy, and emergence of highest human abilities belonging to the broad level of culture are discussed.
3
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Genetically modified crops and food – short review of potential risks

32%
Lisowska K., Chorąży M.
Nauka
|
2010
|
issue 4
4
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Dlaczego mówimy nie dla GMO w polskim rolnictwie

26%
Lisowska K., Chorąży M.
Nauka
|
2011
|
issue 4
5
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Selected health threads

23%
Chorąży M., Kostowski W.
Nauka
|
2010
|
issue 4
6
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Złożoność i hierarchia organizmów żywych

20%
Chorąży M.
Nauka
|
2011
|
issue 3
7
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Wprowadzenie do biologii systemów

20%
Chorąży M.
Nauka
|
2011
|
issue 1
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