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Czy Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej jest pracownikiem? Analiza zawodowego statusu głowy państwa w świetle art. 22 Kodeksu pracy

100%

Kazimierski D.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

2025

issue 2 (50)

121-143

The President of the Republic of Poland holds a unique role in the Polish constitutional order, and is called the most important person in the state. In connection with being the head of state, the president carries out tasks within the framework of a certain type of employment, the assessment of which in the light of labour law is the task of this publication. The fulﬁlment of the features of the employment relationship expressed in Article 22 of the Labour Code (Kodeks pracy) is considered as the most important criterion, and the assessment of their validity in the context of the type of the President’s employment is the subject of the following sections of the article. While some of the prerequisites prima facie appear to be fulﬁlled (receiving a salary, performing a job), others may pose problems for the researcher. Undoubtedly, the greatest of these is the identiﬁcation of the president’s subordination within his or her possible employment relationship. By examining the constitutional position and its impact on the personal status of the person, as well as by comparing the president’s position to that of the members of the organs of corporations, the author concludes that it is not impossible to consider the president an employee. Referring to the jurisprudence concerning CEOs of companies and persons managing public authorities, the publication posits that the president’s employer would be his or her auxiliary apparatus in the form of the Chancellery of the President of the Republic (Kancelaria Prezydenta RP). The ﬁnal paragraphs of the text present selected cases of the employee nature of the president’s status in other countries – France, the United States and Brazil.

Czy klimatyzacja jest prawem człowieka? O odpowiedzialności państwa za przeciwdziałanie skutkom globalnego ocieplenia na gruncie Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

63%

Kazimierski D., Wardecki W.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

2024

issue 3 (47)

103-129

In the age of noticeable climate change, enduring high temperatures is becoming a serious problem and inconvenience, which can cause health problems and even lead to death. One way to counteract the negative effects of heatwaves is to use an indoor air-conditioning system – both in residential building and in workplaces. The purpose of the article is to find an answer to the question posed in the title of the publication of whether access to an air-conditioned room can be considered, on the basis of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, to be a human right. The considerations are divided into two segments: the right to air-conditioning in the workplace as part of the employer’s provision of safe and hygienic conditions, and the state’s responsibility for counteracting the negative effects of climate change. Indeed, it turns out that the Polish constitution makes it possible to conclude that the state has a certain obligation to provide places of rest from the heat in a situation where it threatens health and life. The article presents selected solutions for counteracting the effects of hot weather in European cities where high temperatures are more frequently recorded than in Poland. In addition, it presents the scope of the obligation to ensure adequate comfort at work in conditions with a high air temperature that also falls on employers. The aim is to draw attention to the important issue of how public authorities can counteract the negative effects of global warming. Indicating solutions used in other countries, it seeks an appropriate way for public authorities to act in Poland.

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2 Studia Prawa Publicznego

2 Kazimierski D.

1 Wardecki W.

1 2025

1 2024

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Czy Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej jest pracownikiem? Analiza zawodowego statusu głowy państwa w świetle art. 22 Kodeksu pracy

Czy klimatyzacja jest prawem człowieka? O odpowiedzialności państwa za przeciwdziałanie skutkom globalnego ocieplenia na gruncie Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej