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EN
Transformation has brought about difficult life situations, which are referred to as “social life traps”, and it has changed functioning of institutions. Both a victim of violence and people who help them expect a lot from institutions legally responsible for solving such problems. Having analyzed the Penal Code, Family Code and Guardian Code, it can be stated that there are some legal tools which victims of violence have at their disposal. However, these tools are often viewed upon by society as insufficient and too slow in application. Social expectations in this respect are not convergent with the legal regulations suggested by the legal act because family violence is an unusually complex problem. A net of good legal regulations provides victims with a tool for turning against violence, but it also requires determined steps from them. Family violence is a phenomenon which often cannot withstand the difficulties of procedures aiming at official qualification and recognition of the deed as a crime (with all legal consequences). Victims of family violence can be aided by: the procedure of “Blue Cards” in leading home interventions against violence, social aid and local authorities in the legally specified range. Seeking compensation by the victim often deepens the trauma as the legal system, although it seems to be right and equipped with appropriate tools, does not fully meet the expectations of the victims. In consequence, most victims cannot see the chances of using social mechanisms of the legal system and prefer not to report or complain in an official way.
EN
The media are considered political and, as the fourth power, they actively communicate in the public space. They create information and disinformation through persuasion. Persuasion is one management tool and is used in managing an organisation. This gives the opportunity to implement the adopted strategy and achieve the goals of the organisation. On the other hand, persuasion and other techniques of influence used by media managers are used to create information in line with the expectations of the authorities. Public and private media do it similarly, although they represent different political groups. Knowing how information and disinformation influences the recipients makes it possible to form information consistent with the intention of the sender. In the process of analysing information and disinformation in the media, one can adopt the perspective of rational choice theory and that of information selection, in line with the heuristic concept of D. Kahneman. The rational choice perspective allows to analyse intentions of the senders of information and its recipients. Profit and loss analysis of both allows to predict what information is important, what benefits may bring the senders and what the behaviour of the recipients will be. On the other hand, the perspective of D. Kahneman’s heuristic concept makes it possible to determine what the recipients' behaviour will be and how information can be prepared so that the recipients behave in the expected manner. The elaboration of information and disinformation is a process that requires knowledge of communicating and of human behaviour. Information creators and media managers create a platform of intentions, emotions and exerting influence, they can hinder the functioning of the state and its institutions and bring harm to society, they can, however, also be a support in difficult situations, e.g. a pandemic, if the message is credible. There is an open field of play between the main actors of information and disinformation, where it is possible to reconcile values important to those who create information, politicians and recipients.
EN
Transformation has brought about difficult life situations, which are referred to as “social life traps”, and it has changed functioning of institutions. Both a victim of violence and people who help them expect a lot from institutions legally responsible for solving such problems. Having analyzed the Penal Code, Family Code and Guardian Code, it can be stated that there are some legal tools which victims of violence have at their disposal. However, these tools are often viewed upon by society as insufficient and too slow in application. Social expectations in this respect are not convergent with the legal regulations suggested by the legal act because family violence is an unusually complex problem. A net of good legal regulations provides victims with a tool for turning against violence, but it also requires determined steps from them. Family violence is a phenomenon which often cannot withstand the difficulties of procedures aiming at official qualification and recognition of the deed as a crime (with all legal consequences). Victims of family violence can be aided by: the procedure of “Blue Cards” in leading home interventions against violence, social aid and local authorities in the legally specified range. Seeking compensation by the victim often deepens the trauma as the legal system, although it seems to be right and equipped with appropriate tools, does not fully meet the expectations of the victims. In consequence, most victims cannot see the chances of using social mechanisms of the legal system and prefer not to report or complain in an official way.
EN
Contemporary hybrid threats are a challenge for security creators and require new solutions in their prevention. One of such solution is the construction of prevention programs to prevent radicalization and hate speech. These programs should be science-based, well-designed, and include knowledge of psychology, sociology, law, and security. Programs addressed to young people should also take into account the challenges of adolescence and should be run by specialists with up-to-date knowledge, skills and competences. The aim of the presented evaluation study of the preventive program was to check the effectiveness of the educational program preventing radicalization leading to discrimination and hate speech „Rozumiem=Szanuję” (Polish for “I Understand = I Respect”). The study shows that the assumed goals of the program were achieved. In order to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of the program, analyzes of existing and induced sources were carried out as well as qualitative research (interviews) and quantitative research (survey technique), conducted after the implementation of individual program modules.
PL
Współczesne zagrożenia hybrydowe są wyzwaniem dla kreatorów bezpieczeństwa i wymagają nowych rozwiązań w celu ich zapobiegania. Jednym z takich rozwiązań jest tworzenie programów profilaktycznych zapobiegających radykalizacji i mowie nienawiści. Programy te powinny być oparte na naukowych podstawach, dobrze zaprojektowane i uwzględniające wiedzę z psychologii, socjologii, prawa i bezpieczeństwa. Programy kierowane do młodzieży powinny uwzględniać też wyzwania związane z adolescencją i być prowadzone przez specjalistów z najnowszą wiedzą, umiejętnościami i kompetencjami. Celem prezentowanego badania ewaluacyjnego programu profilaktycznego było sprawdzenie skuteczności programu edukacyjnego „Rozumiem=Szanuję”, zapobiegającego radykalizacji wiodącej do dyskryminacji i mowy nienawiści. Badanie pozwoliło stwierdzić, że założone cele programu zostały zrealizowane. W celu wszechstronnego ujęcia oceny skuteczności programu zostały przeprowadzone analizy źródeł zastanych i wywołanych oraz badania jakościowe (wywiady) i ilościowe (technika ankiety), dokonywane po realizacji poszczególnych modułów programu.
EN
Virtual communities between security, danger, myth and reality The main subject of this article is to present virtual space and considerations regarding security and threat faced by its users. In virtual space, everyone can exchange information, presenting one’s image. An attempt was made to analyse virtual communities from the perspective of the myths about Thanatos and Narcissus in the context of security and threat. Similarities of and differences between social and virtual spaces are discussed herein. A simple division of internet users into digital immigrants and digital natives was pointed out. Attention was paid to the significance of the fourth industrial revolution in which data and algorithms determine human life and decisions. The Greek myths of Thanatos and Narcissus were presented in the article, and their references to virtual space were made. In this context, events related to the implementation of these myths were presented in relation to selfies (Narcissus) and games in which there is a threat to the safety of players (Thanatos). Then, the issues of threat and building security, as well as counteracting threats in virtual space are discussed. Generally, it has been recognized that virtual communities are generally meeting and contact points that can help to develop individuals and organisations, even though they can, occasionally, be a source of danger. As an example, an analysis of the implementation of tasks associated with the game “blue whale and taking a selfie” was given.
EN
The purpose of this analysis is to identify the role that Mountain Volunteer Ambulance Service plays in the system of risk prevention in the areas of cross-border. The discussion concerns mainly the Mountain Volunteer Ambulance Service, its place among groups of disposable and security policy of the state and a role in the prevention of risks in cross-border regions.
PL
Celem niniejszej analizy jest wskazanie roli, jaką w systemie zapobiegania zagrożeniom na terenach transgranicznych odgrywa Górskie Ochotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe. Kolejno zostaną omówione Górskie Ochotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe, jego miejsce wśród grup dyspozycyjnych i strategii bezpieczeństwa państwa oraz rola w procesie zapobiegania zagrożeniom w regionach transgranicznych.
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