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W sprawie obrazu kultury materialnej dworów rycerskich w średniowieczu

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Marciniak-Kajzer A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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2016
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issue 31
EN
Most archaeological sites, which were considered remains of medieval knight`s manor have readable (separated) terrain form. Most frequently they were situated on artificial mounds, placed in boggy areas, often in valleys of small rivers. As can be seen from the query in all kinds of archaeological publications, on the territory of medieval Polish state (conventionally within the reign of Casimir the Great) about 200 mansions that are relics of knight’s abodes ware investigated in varying degrees. The degree of their knowledge is very different. Only about 46% sites being excavated were elaborated and the results were published with different accuracy. Their scientific level is unfortunately very diverse. While the form of the seats are usually described in a very detailed way, the artifacts found during excavations are mostly only mentioned. Most often we do not know from which part of the site they come from. Although they are sometimes discussed in the framework of the excavation, but it is hard to know if they were in the building or in the courtyard, and perhaps in the moat? Paradoxically, most numerous finds – potsherds – are the least described. They are only enumerated, without even trying to identify forms (vase, pot, jag…). Also, in the case of metal objects, they description very often ends up on the development of an accurate list of the every, even the slightest, iron nuggets. Unfortunately, there are too many lists of objects referred to as „undefined”. With the greatest care archaeologists treat all and any findings in the field of armament, but this is the category of monuments which sometimes introduces a lot of confusion in trying the dating of the settlement. The armament usually is considered to be the so-called „a good dating device” and of course, it is true, provided that it date back itself. Sometimes the total opposition raises in a situation where, for example, dating of one found spur, is considered to be more important than dating established on the basis of hundreds found fragments of vessels and stove tiles. Therefore the necessity to use written and iconographic sources in order to reconstruct the whole material culture is widely appreciated. Here it is necessary to work with medievalist and art historians. It is not a simple matter because dealing with material culture is not very popular among the historians. In the final part of the article the development of a model of conical settlement excavations in Siedlątków published by Janina Kamińska in 1968 is discussed. 
PL
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2
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Czy rzeczywiście najstarsze – weryfikacyjne badania najwcześniej datowanych gródków stożkowatych

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Marciniak-Kajzer A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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2018
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issue 33
93-111
EN
The aim of the presented research is to verify the correctness of the dating of the motte structures which, as a result of earlier excavations, were considered the earliest defensive knight’s seats in Poland – that is, they were dated to the 13th century. So far, the absolute dates were obtained for scarcely a few/a few dozen(?) such structures. However, they were not considered the oldest features. As a result of the literature research, several sites representing typical motte- and-bailey castles which in the previous excavations were dated to the 13th century, were selected. Three of the sites in question were located in the Masovia region: Kiełbów Stary, Stara Błotnica commune; Orszymowo, Mała Wieś commune and Wilkanowo (formerly Nakwasin), also located in the Mała Wieś commune. The next two sites are located in the Łódzkie region – Witów, Burzenin commune and Małków, Warta commune. A further study was conducted in Sędziszów (now in the territory of the village of Piła) in the Świętokrzyskie region, in Piekary – Greater Poland, Dobra commune and in Szczekociny, Silesia. A new geodetic surveying showed some changes in the state of preservation of the study features. Unfortunately, most of them reveal some traces of deepening destruction. The excavations undertaken at six sites yielded samples for the dating studies. The only sites whose excavations provided no materials that could be subjected to laboratory dating tests were in Witów and Sędziszów. Attempts were made to collect samples for dendrochronological, radiocarbon (14C) and thermoluminescence tests. No wood for dendrological research was found at any of the study sites. The samples obtained from six sites were used to measure the 14C radioactive isotope. A series of dating was performed for the study sites. As a result, 4 dates were obtained for Kiełbów Stary and Małkowo, 6 – for Piekary and 5 – for Szczekociny. The highest number – 9 dates – were obtained for Orszymowo, whereas for Wilkanowo only 2 dates were produced. The results showed that only in the case of two sites the obtained dates confirm their functioning in the 13th century – they are Małkowo and Orszymowo. Another two sites – Szczekociny and Kiełbów Stary – can be dated back to the 14th century, while the dates obtained for the materials from Piekary justify placing the functioning of the feature in the 15th century. In the case of Wilkanowo, the standard calibration calculations produced dates which suggest that the sites represent the modern times. One of the samples, however, may be dated to the 15th century (probability: 91%). Nonetheless, these dates are rather controversial, because Wilkanowo and Orszymowo are the sites situated several kilometres away from each other whilst the excavated pottery materials seem to be very similar. A solution to this problem requires further scrutiny. The attempt to verify the dates produced for the earliest defensive knight’s seats succeeded in part. Only two of the researched sites can in fact be considered to be the 13th century manors. Ipso facto we confirmed that such early dates may be correct, and that already in the thirteenth century, the nobles founded defensive motte-and-bailey castles. Our study clearly shows that the chronology of the earliest Polish knight’s manors, determined on the basis of the previous excavations, should be verified. The results of our work prove that the traditional dating methods used for archaeological artefacts are not precise enough to be used in modern science. We need to put more emphasis on the matter of collecting samples for dating and providing adequate financial resources necessary to perform laboratory tests.
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Jak wyglądały późnośredniowieczne kuchnie?

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Marciniak-Kajzer A.
Vox Patrum
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2013
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vol. 59
449-461
EN
The Polish word „kuchnia” (kitchen, cooker, cuisine, cooking in English) has at least a few colloquial meanings. Most frequently it is associated with a collec­tion of recipes. Another meaning of the word is a device for cooking, e.g. a gas or an electric cooker or until recently a coal-burning stove. It is also a room, where food is prepared. The word sounds similar in most of the European languages. It might have originated from the German etymon „küch” which means cooking. In many languages the room for food preparation and device for cooking have the same source word. Therefore it is worth considering why there are so few expressions with reference to this important sphere of our life. Historical sources containing information that would render it possible to reconstruct kitchens are scarce and relatively late. It may be suspected that for contemporary people an issue of such a self-evident nature was not worth noting. The paper treats both on written and iconographic sources. On their basis it can be assumed that kitchen as a room functioned only in large castles and monasteries, where meals were prepared for a large number of people. In other residences or even at knights’ manor houses or wealthy bourgeois houses, food was cooked in living (day) rooms, whereas initial preparation might have taken place in front of the building. The development of constructions used for cooking is another issue discussed in this paper. Iconographic sources reveal that meals were most often cooked in open hearths that were initially built on the ground level and subsequently they were placed higher. Another essential concern was smoke removal from above the hearth. Based on iconography it can be claimed that most frequently there was a hood protruding from a wall, the purpose of which was mainly protection against sparks. Not always do we know whether this hood was connected with chimney ducts. Today such a construction is called a fire place and it is used mainly for heating. It seems that placing a hearth in the so-called „wide chimney” was an essential stage in the development of a kitchen as a separate room. As a consequence the entire room „in the chimney” became a kitchen and this may give an answer to the question why there is a lack of extensive vocabulary with reference to the kitchen. Another problem mentioned in the paper are difficulties that archeologists face when they attempt to reconstruct equipment used for cooking on the basis of archeological records obtained during excavations.
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Fireplaces in Late Medieval Houses. An Attempt to Reconstruct the Appearance and Functions Based on Iconographic Sources

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Marciniak-Kajzer A.
Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia
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2020
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vol. 66
PL
Celem tej pracy jest pokazanie, jak wyglądały kominki w średniowieczu, a co ważniejsze, jakie funkcje mogły pełnić. Dotychczas w literaturze archeologicznej twierdzono, że nie były one paleniskami kuchennymi, a mogły służyć jedynie do podgrzewania potraw. W tej pracy pokazuję, że nie jest to prawdą. Długie poszukiwania odpowiednich ilustracji doprowadziły do odnalezienia unikalnych przedstawień kominków. Pomimo ich częstego prezentowania w średniowiecznym malarstwie, istotne różnice zauważalne są w szczegółach, w sposobie przedstawienia kultury materialnej. W czasie przeprowadzania tej analizy udało się również wskazać na jeszcze jedno istotne zagadnienie, które jak dotąd nie doczekało się komentarzy. Dotychczas podkreślano, że przedstawienia o tematyce religijnej są nacechowane symboliką i pokazują typowe sceny w dość zunifikowany sposób. Nie zwracano uwagi na inną zależność. Sceny przedstawiające świętych zamieszczane w manuskryptach ukazują ich w bardziej codziennych okolicznościach, aniżeli ma to miejsce w malarstwie tablicowym. Niestety takie wizerunki są niezmiernie rzadkie, tutaj prezentuję jedną z bardziej interesujących scen – Święta Rodzina jedząca kolację.
EN
The main aim of this work is to show what fireplaces looked like in the Middle Ages, and more importantly, what functions they could have performed. In the archaeological literature until now, it has been claimed that they were not kitchen hearths, but could only be used to heat meals. In this paper, I show that this claim is unfounded. A long search for suitable illustrations led to the discovery of a number of unique representations of fireplaces. Thanks to its frequent presentation in medieval painting, significant differences are noticeable in the way of presenting material culture and its details. The analysis presented in this paper made it possible to identify one more important issue concerning fireplaces that has not yet received any comments. So far, it has been emphasized that religious-themed performances are marked by symbolism and show typical scenes in a fairly unified way. Other ways of presentation of religious scenes have not been taken into account. Scenes showing saints in manuscripts present them in more everyday circumstances than in the panel painting. Unfortunately, such images are extremely rare, here I present one of the more interesting scenes at the fireplace – the Holy Family having dinner.
5
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Amulety, talizmany, ofiary zakładzinowe i inne materialne świadectwa wykorzystywania magii przez średniowiecznych mieszkańców ziem polskich

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Marciniak-Kajzer A.
Zeszyty Wiejskie
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2024
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issue Numer specjalny
547-562
EN
The article attempts to point out two categories of medieval monuments that are associated with magical activities by archaeologists. This interpretation is possible in two cases. Firstly, these are things that were not necessary in everyday life, hence their role is difficult to determine. Objects considered as amulets or talismans, figurines, rattles, specific containers and masks are discussed here. Another category of monuments considered to be related to magical activities are those that do not differ from those used in everyday activities, but their finding in specific stratification systems indicates their use for magical, most often apotropaic, purposes. Particularly noteworthy here are items considered as foundation offerings and items of natural origin, such as belemnites or stone and flint tools from earlier eras, which were stored in houses or placed in the walls or under the floors of buildings. Such objects were called “thunderstones” (Latin: ceraunie).
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę wskazania na dwie kategorie średniowiecznych zabytków, które przez archeologów łączone są z działaniami magicznymi. Interpretacja taka możliwa jest w dwóch przypadkach. Po pierwsze, są to rzeczy, które nie były konieczne w codziennym życiu, stąd ich rola jest trudna do określenia. Tutaj omówione zostały przedmioty uważane za amulety czy talizmany, figurki, grzechotki, specyficzne pojemniki czy maski. Inną kategorią zabytków uznawanych za powiązane z działaniami magicznymi są te, które nie różnią się wprawdzie od wykorzystywanych w codziennych zajęciach, jednak ich odnalezienie w specyficznych układach stratyfikacyjnych wskazuje na użycie ich w celach magicznych, najczęściej apotropaicznych. Tutaj na szczególną uwagę zasługują przedmioty uznane za ofiary zakładzinowe oraz przedmioty pochodzenia naturalnego, takie jak belemnity, czy kamienne i krzemienne narzędzia pochodzące z wcześniejszych epok, które były przechowywane w domach lub umieszczane w ścianach czy pod podłogą budynków. Przedmioty takie były określane mianem „kamieni piorunowych” (łac. ceraunie).
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