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PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie różnic między dawną Francją a Polską na podstawie działalności społeczno-kulturowej kobiet. Jaskrawym przykładem jest niewątpliwie salon literacki, który narodził się we Francji na początku XVII, a w Polsce zaczął się rozwijać dopiero na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku. Analiza historyczna wykazuje, jak różnice ustrojowe mogły wpływać na rozwój życia literackiego oraz pozycję kobiety w społeczeństwie.
EN
The aim of the article is to show the differences between France and Poland regarding social and cultural activities of women. These differences are aptly illustrated by the institution of the salon, which emerged in France at the beginning of the 17th century, while in Poland it started to develop only at the turn of the 19th century. A historical analysis shows how the differences in political systems influenced the development of literary life and the position of woman in society.
EN
The current state of the debate on the linguistic factors in color perception and categorization is reviewed. Developmental and learning studies were hitherto almost ignored in this debate. A simple experiment is reported in which 20 Academy of Fine Arts, Faculty of Painting students' performance in color discrimination and naming tasks was compared to the performance of 20 Technical University students. Subfocal colors (different hues of red and blue) were used. While there was no difference in overall discrimination ability, AFA students had a much richer and specialized color vocabulary. Both groups also applied different strategies of discrimination and naming. However, naming system in neither group was coherent. This suggests that naming played primarily the role of markers for control processes rather than names for categories. It is concluded that up-to-date debate is too simplified and a complex model of interrelations between perceptual categorization and naming framed in the developmental context is needed rather than the search for a simple answer 'language', 'environment', or 'perceptual universals'.
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