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Domácí násilí z pohledu vývoje a ochrany dětí

100%

Sobotková I.

Psychologie a její kontexty

2016

vol. 7

issue 1

3-17

The article deals with a socially relevant and actual issue of domestic violence with respect to the development and protection of children. First, it describes the concept of domestic violence, particularly intimate partner violence, and brings some numerical data. In spite of the fact that the reported numbers are different, each situation when a child is exposed to the domestic violence is very unfavorable or even traumatic for him. The immediate effects are feelings of fear, anxiety, confusion, anger and helplessness. Younger children often feel guilty for the situation at home. Most experts are convinced that long-term consequences of witnessing domestic violence are very negative for the development of child's personality. The exposure to intimate partner violence is increasingly being recognized as a form of child maltreatment. The World Health Organization expressed this conviction in 2013 when children´s exposure to domestic violence was added to the syndrome of child abuse and neglect as one form of psychic abuse. Further, the consequences of exposure to the domestic violence are summarized developmentally from early childhood to young adulthood. The typical symptom in children growing up in an atmosphere of fear and violence is the reduced self-esteem. Emotional and behavioral disorders are also frequent. It was even proven that children who are passively exposed to domestic violence tend to have equally severe emotional symptoms (e.g. depression) as children who are really physically abused. The intensity and extent of the consequences of children's exposure to domestic violence depend on several factors, such as age and sex of the child, his resilience, rate of brutality and frequency of its occurrence, supportive social network of the family and so on. The fact that reduced parental skills are common in families with domestic violence is pointed out. Empirical evidence shows that the quality of parenting and the ability to meet the needs of the child are decreased. Little research attention has been paid to the relationship between father and child in families where the offender is a man/father. The transgenerational transmission of violence is mentioned, too. Finally, the possibilities of child protection and several practical implications are outlined. The most important thing is to ensure the safety of the child, to protect his/her health, not only physical but also psychological. The child should understand the situation, which can be difficult due to the age and intellectual maturity of the child. The primary prevention of violence since childhood is important, including examples of parents, education for responsibility and tolerance of differences, achievement of adequate self-confidence and skills to solve problems. The issue of domestic violence and child protection must be addressed interdisciplinary.

Standardizace české verze Škály dispoziční naděje pro dospělé

51%

Ocisková M., Sobotková I., Praško J., Mihál V.

Psychologie a její kontexty

2016

vol. 7

issue 1

109-123

Hope is one of important factors affecting the psychological state of individuals. It influences well-being and self-esteem, academic and athletic performance, and even the probability of repeated incarceration of offenders. It also predicts the efficacy of the systematic psychotherapy of mental disorders, as well as the supportive psychotherapy in patients with oncologic illnesses. Hope has a central position in positive and clinical psychology. The aim of the presented work was to translate the adult dispositional hope scale into Czech, verify its psychometric properties and develop the norms for interpreting the resulting scores. The scale could be helpful both in mental health research and practice. 394 healthy adults participated in the study. The average age of the probands was 27.1 + 11.7 years. There were more women (n = 303; i.e. 76.9 %) than men. The most common level of education was secondary (n = 309; 78.4 %). The participants were mainly students (n = 273; 69.3 %) or employees and self-employed individuals (n = 113; 28.7 %). Most of them were single (n = 300; 76.1 %) or married (n = 84; 21.3 %). The Adult Dispositional Hope Scale consists of 12 items. Four items measure pathways thinking (i.e. the ability to find ways to achieve one's goals) and four items assess agency (i.e. goal-directed energy). The remaining four items are fillers that are not interpreted. Apart from this scale, all participants completed a demographic questionnaire and the second version of the Beck Depression Inventory. The statistical analyses consisted of the Cronbach's alpha and Spearman-Brown coefficient analysis, the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the correlation between the standardized scale and the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and finally the creation of the norms based on the stens. The overall rate of hope was not statistically significantly associated with the subjects' age (Spearman r = -0.06, non-significant), nor with their sex (Mann-Whitney U test: U = 13,624.5, non-significant). Reliability of the whole scale was assessed by using the Cronbach's alpha (? = 0.82) and the split-half method (the Spearman-Brown coefficient = 0.81). The inner consistency of both subscales was also adequate (the pathways thinking ? = 0.71, the agency ? = 0.73). The factor structure of the scale was confirmed by the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Nevertheless, the exploratory factor analysis identified the ninth item of the scale as problematic. It saturated both the pathways thinking and agency subscale, instead of belonging solely under its agency factor. This was also reflected in the confirmatory factor analysis, although all model fit indices reached satisfactory levels. The total score of the adult dispositional hope scale was significantly negatively correlated with the intensity of depressive symptoms (BDI-II) (Pearson r = -0.41, p ? 0.001). The sten norms were created for the score of the whole scale and both subscales. The Czech version of the Adult Dispositional Hope Scale shows adequate psychometric properties and can be used in the adult population. The norms should be applied with caution in individuals, who reached a primary or vocational level of education, and those who are unemployed, divorced, widowed or older than 60 years.

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2 Psychologie a její kontexty

2 Sobotková I.

1 Mihál V.

1 Ocisková M.

1 Praško J.

2 2016

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Domácí násilí z pohledu vývoje a ochrany dětí

Standardizace české verze Škály dispoziční naděje pro dospělé