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Stolen wealth, perpetrators and punishments in Moldova (17th century – early 18th century)

100%

Chelcu C.

Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia

2019

vol. 26

105-129

Rabunek majątku, przestępcy i kary w Mołdawii (XVII w. – wczesny wiek XVIII) Dla omawianego przez nas wieku nie tworzono żadnych właściwych wykazów bezprawnie przywłaszczonych dóbr. W niektórych przypadkach są one jedynie wspomniane lub wylistowane według rozmiaru szkody. Istnieją też źródła dokumentalne, które obiektom kradzieży poświęcają mniej uwagi, a system sprawiedliwości skupia się w tych przypadkach raczej na przestępcach i ich czynach. Dlatego też często przywołuje się tzw. okup krwi „płacony w określonym celu” i nie podaje się szczegółów spraw. Dokumenty te są zażaleniami adresowanymi przez ofiarę do księcia lub jego urzędników, są też pisane przez przestępców przyznających się do winy, lub też są to dokumenty wystawione przez władze sądownicze i poprzedzają one dochodzenie w sprawie kryminalnej. Rozważając kradzież części mienia tj. z całości dostępnych dóbr, naszym celem jest wyjaśnienie pewnych aspektów odnoszących się do rzeczywistości, którą historyk powinien zrekonstruować wraz z całą złożonością zmian tej rzeczywistości: motywami kradzieży i jej okolicznościami, typami kradzieży, związanymi z nią kategoriami społecznymi, czasem i przestrzenią występku, karą dla sprawcy. Rekapitulując, przedstawione w artykule badanie ogniskuje się na początkach tworzenia pisemnej historii dotyczącej nagannych aktów podlegających karze za kradzież i rozbój w XVII i w początkach XVIII wieku w Mołdawii

For the historical period we refer to, no proper inventories have been made containing the unjustly appropriated goods. They are just mentioned as such or listed, if that was the case, according to the size of the damage. There are also documentary sources in which the object of the theft is less represented, the justice system focusing in those cases rather on the wrongdoers, than on the wrong actions. That is why, the blood money “paid for some reason”, with no other specific details, is quite frequently cited. Rare or frequent, these documents are complaints addressed by the victim to the Prince and his officials, documents in which the perpetrators admitted their fault, or deeds issued by the judicial authority subsequent to the investigation of the criminal act. In discussing the theft of/from the wealth, i.e. from the whole amount of the available goods, we are interested in clarifying some aspects pertaining to a reality that the historian should reconstruct, with all the complexity of its evolution: the motivations of the theft and its circumstances, the types of theft, the social categories involved, the time and space of the misdemeanour, the perpetrators’ punishment. Briefly, the study is about starting to write a history of the reprehensible acts liable to punishments for theft and robbery in 17th and early 18th century Moldavia.

Theft and robbery in the sentences of Moldavia’s Criminal Department (1799–1804)

63%

Chelcu C., Văcaru S.

Prace Historyczne

2021

vol. 148

issue 1

85-106

Sources on crimes and their punishment do not really offer much support in the reconstruction of criminal realities in the medieval and pre-modern Moldova, as their frequency until the second half of the 18th century is quite low. However, due to the fact that the writing of procedural elements of the criminal investigation and the application of the sentence as well as the preservation of these records in archives were mandatory, even if on a limited scale, this reality becomes palpable for the historian. Apart from this type of sources, anaforale can also be distinguished. These judicial sources are reports issued by members of the Moldovan criminal court, which had operated under the name of the Criminal Department since the late 18th century and in the first three decades of the 19th century. In our study, the documents we are interested in, the reports called anaforale (judicial sources), illustrate significant progress in the judicial practice in Moldavia at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, as far as both the changing of the death penalty to other punishments, and the trial procedures were concerned. In the following article, we are focusing on the punishment of the acts of theft and robbery – in the case of theft, it being accompanied by the violence against victims, as it is provided in the anaforale issued by the Criminal Divan of Iasi between 1799 and 1804. The actors of the criminal investigation (the prosecution agents, the perpetrators, the witnesses), the judicial norms and the practices in cases of theft and robbery, represent an area of interest for our research in regards to the aforementioned period of time. We use these criminal historical sources as a documentation basis for an investigation into the legal system, the criminal organization and its operation in last decades of the Old Regime in Moldova as part of Eastern and Central Europe.

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1 Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia

1 Prace Historyczne

2 Chelcu C.

1 Văcaru S.

1 2021

1 2019

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Stolen wealth, perpetrators and punishments in Moldova (17th century – early 18th century)

Theft and robbery in the sentences of Moldavia’s Criminal Department (1799–1804)