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Walther Nernst. Życie i działalność naukowa

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Niedzielska M.

Rocznik Grudziądzki

2022

vol. 30

97-109

Walther Hermann Nernst was born on June 25th, 1864, in Wąbrzeźno in Chełmno Land. In April 1883, after graduating from secondary school in Grudziądz, he began his studies in physics, chemistry and mathematics at the University of Zürich in Switzerland, to continue them, in accordance with the prevailing practice of the time, in Berlin, again in Zürich and then in Graz in the Habsburg monarchy. For his final semester of study, in the autumn of 1886, he moved to Würzburg in Bavaria. From 1891 for the next fifteen years he was associated as a professor with the University of Göttingen and this was the most creative period of his scientific career. By this time he had become a recognised authority in the fields of physics and chemistry. Nernst’s fame led to him being offered the position of professor of physical chemistry at the University of Berlin as early as 1894; he did not decide to leave Göttingen until ten years later and took up the post in Berlin only in April 1905. In 1906, shortly after he had moved to Berlin, he published his first paper in a Göttingen journal, “Nachrichten der Göttinger Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften”, reporting on his most significant scientific discovery. After it was given its final form in 1912 by Max Planck, it was referred to as the third principle of thermodynamics. The years following the end of the First World War brought Nernst his greatest prestigious success: he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1920, presented to him in 1921. He was one of the leading European physicists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and worked closely with the most prominent representatives of the discipline. The scientific output of Walther Nernst, a German born in Wąbrzeźno in Chełmno Land, in Danzig Pomerania, then part of the Hohenzollern monarchy, is today an important part of the output of not just German, but global chemistry and physics in the 20th century, existing by its general dimension across national divides.

Nieznane wojenne pomniki Torunia z 1915 roku

100%

Niedzielska M.

Rocznik Toruński

2015

issue 42

57-74

In 1915 three statues directly referring to WW I were erected in Torun. „Tannenberg-Säule” (EiserneKreuz) in the Old Market became part of the movement sometimes referred to as Kriegsnagelungen – financial resources to help both civil and military war victims were obtained by selling sacrificial iron nails and driving them into wooden monuments. The Pyramid of Hinden-burg in the hill of Winnica commemorated Marshal Paul von Hindenburg as a victorious commander during the battle of Tannenberg at the end of August 1914, thanks to which East Prussia was liberated from the Russian occupation. One of the statues preserved from that period is to be found in the outskirts of Torun – it bears the inscription: „Steinerühmen”; it commemorates the hero-ism of German soldiers who in 1914 managed to defend the German territories in the east of Europe, thanks to which Torun was rescued.

1915 wurden in Thorn drei Denkmäler aufgestellt, deren Entstehung in unmittelbarem Zusammenhang mit den Ereignissen des 1. Weltkriegs stand. Eine „Tannenberg-Säuleˮ (Eisernes Kreuz) auf dem Altstadtmarkt war ein Teil der Aktion unter dem Namen Kriegsnagelungen: Durch den Verkauf von eisernen Opfernägeln und deren Einschlagen in hölzerne Monumente wurde Geld zur Hilfe für Kriegsopfer sowohl unter den Soldaten wie in der Zivilbe-völkerung gesammelt. Die Hindenburg-Pyramide auf dem Weinberg-Hügel galt dem Ruhm des Marschalls Paul von Hindenburg, des siegreichen Feld-herrn in der Schlacht bei Tannenberg Ende August 1914, der dadurch Ost-preußen von der russischen Besatzung befreit hatte. Das einzige bis heute erhaltene Denkmal aus dieser Zeit steht in einem Wald am Rand von Thorn. Mit seiner Aufschrift „Steine rühmenˮ verherrlichte es das Heldentum der deutschen Soldaten, das 1914 die erfolgreiche Verteidigung des bedrohten deutschen Ostens ermöglichte und durch das auch Thorn gerettet wurde.

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Walther Nernst. Życie i działalność naukowa

Nieznane wojenne pomniki Torunia z 1915 roku