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THE MEASUREMENT OF OPTIMISM: THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE HUNGARIAN VERSION OF THE REVISED LIFE ORIENTATION TEST (LOT–R)

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Bérdi M., Köteles F.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
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2010
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vol. 65
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issue 2
273-294
EN
The Life Orientation Test (LOT), developed by Scheier and Carver (1985), is the most widely used measure of trait optimism. The predictive power of optimism for (physical) health (i.e. number of physical symptoms, speed of recovery, mortality and immune functions) was proved in a number of studies. However, the original (LOT) and revised (LOT–R) versions of the measure, and the construct of optimism have been and are criticized by many. These critiques include, on the one hand, the factor structure of the scale, and, on the other hand, the discriminant validity of trait optimism, i.e. the third variable problem. After the brief review of the scale and the construct, and their critiques, we present the validity and reliability data, and the results of our exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the sample data. The computed psychometric properties suggest that the Hungarian version of the LOT–R exhibits a good level of reliability and validity, but data bearing on its factor structure did not support unambiguously either the scale’s uni- or multidimensionality.
2

PLACEBO

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Bárdos G., Köteles F.
Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)
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2011
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vol. 66
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issue 1
75-91
EN
This chapter reviews the placebo-phenomenon from the point of view of cognitive/emotional operations. Definitions and the most important terms are followed by the traditional medicine–placebo relationships primarily through the “full medicine effect”. The placebo-theories are reviewed by applying the bio-psycho-social approach, above all focusing on the role of conditioning, suggestions and expectancies, respectively. In concordance with this special approach, we also deal with the neurobiology of the placebo-effect, i.e. with the known and supposed brain mechanisms, respectively. The application of the placebo-effect in pathological conditions is demonstrated through depression, and then the role of consciousness and motivations in the phenomenon is explored. Because of its clinical significance, the nocebo-effect is also shortly overviewed together with its role in iatrogenic damage and in non-required side effects. The final summary tries to place the placebo-phenomenon in context with the clinical settings.
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