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EN
The article tackles the problem of the appointment of bishops in the dioceses of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between 1544 and 1632, paying particular attention to income as a factor driving careers, Influencing the filling of bishoprics, and so-called movement in the episcopate. Until the Union of Lublin there were four bishoprics within the boundaries of the Grand Duchy: those of Wilno (Vilnius), Łuck (Lutsk), Samogitia and Kiev. In 1569 the bishoprics of Łuck and Kiev became part of the Polish Crown. After the Union of Lublin the total number of bishoprics in the Commonwealth rose to seventeen, counting the two archbishoprics.
PL
W artykule poruszony został problem powoływania biskupów w diecezjach Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w latach 1544–1632 ze szczególnym zwróceniem uwagi na dochód jako czynnik napędzający karierę, a zatem mający wpływ na obsadę biskupstw i tzw. ruch w episkopacie. Do Unii Lubelskiej w granicach Wielkiego Księstwa znajdowały się cztery biskupstwa: wileńskie, łuckie, żmudzkie i kijowskie. W 1569 roku biskupstwa łuckie i kijowskie zostały przyłączone do Korony Polskiej. Po Unii Lubelskiej łączna liczba biskupstw w Rzeczypospolitej wzrosła do 17, jeśli liczyć dwa arcybiskupstwa.
PL
The Book Collection of the Vilna Cathedral Library at the End of the Sixteenth CenturyThis article undertakes a reconstruction of the contents of the Vilna cathedral library in the light of the inventory of books from 1598. It is followed by an appendix – Index Librorum in Bibliotheca Ecclesiae Cathedralis Vilnensis – and a proposed solution to the abbreviated entries of the books comprising the library. In the course of identifying the books and authors mentioned in the 1598 inventory it proved necessary to make use of numerous printed library catalogues, incunabula and early printed books, as well as the historiography of book collections. In total, according to the 1598 inventory the cathedral library contained about 121 volumes. However, at the turn of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the capitular book collection grew to at least 267 works, some of them in several volumes. The cathedral library emerges from the inventory as testimony to the humanist interests of the resident cathedral clergy. The cathedral library comprised not only liturgical books and patristic works, but also classics of literature, and works belonging to a broadly conceived humanist culture. The entirety was completed by works and authors that have not yet been identified. Private book collections are a separate research question. The inventories of deceased canons and prelates show that some of them had substantial book collections, of about 50 volumes. The lists of books compiled at the beginning of the seventeenth century, books that subsequently entered the chapter library, can show the intellectual preferences of a particular person.
EN
The text concerns the problem of the implementation of the reforms of the Council of Trent in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, mainly in the case of the diocese of Vilna (Vilnius, Wilno). On the basis of sources originating from the cathedral chapter (now preserved in the Wróblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences) and transcripts (preserved in the Czartoryski Library in Kraków) the question has been addressed of the resistance among the clergy – nominally associated with Vilna Cathedral – to the implementation of the Tridentine reforms. The existence of the phenomenon is attested indirectly by examples of breaches of discipline by clergymen, including problems of drunkenness and relations with women. Among the factors contributing to the resistance of the chapter to the Tridentine reforms we can count the plural tenure of benefices. The effects on parish life of the accumulation of benefices can be discovered from the records of visitations. The problem of non-residence can be considered one of the main factors which led to group disintegration, and also to the changing roles and social functions of clergymen.
PL
Tekst dotyczy problemu realizacji reform Soboru Trydenckiego w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim głownie na przykładzie diecezji wileńskiej. W oparciu o źródła o proweniencji kapitulnej (dziś przechowywane w Bibliotece Litewskiej Akademii Nauk im. Wróblewskich w Wilnie) oraz wypisy z nich (przechowywane w Bibliotece Czartoryskich w Krakowie) podjęta została próba udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie o przejaw oporu duchowieństwa – nominalnie związanego z kościołem katedralnym w Wilnie – wobec wdrażanych reform trydenckich. O istnieniu zjawiska pośrednio świadczą przykłady dotyczące łamania dyscypliny duchowieństwa, problemy pijaństwa kleru czy życia duchownych z kobietami. Zaś do czynników wskazujących na problemy kapituły wobec reformy trydenckiej zaliczyć można kumulację beneficjów. O tym, jak kumulacja beneficjów przekładała się na życie parafii, dowiadujemy się choćby z przeprowadzanych wizytacji. Natomiast brak rezydencji przy kościele zaliczyć można do jednej z głównych przyczyn prowadzących do pogłębiania się zjawiska dezintegracji grup, w tym także do zmiany roli i społecznych funkcji duchownych.
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