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1
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Zniesienie hołdu pruskiego. Uwolnienie Prus Książęcych z podległości lennej wobec Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1657–1658

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Makiłła D.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2016
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issue 23
139-151
PL
W artykule przedstawione okoliczności i uwarunkowania prawno-polityczne zniesienia hołdu pruskiego, jako instytucji polityczno-prawnej ustanowionej traktatem krakowskim z 8 IV 1525 r. Uwolnienie Prus Książęcych z podległości lennej wobec Rzeczypospolitej nastąpiło podczas wojny polsko-szwedzkiej rozpoczętej w 1655 r. Polski lennik, elektor brandenburski Fryderyk Wilhelm, wystąpił w niej przeciwko Rzeczypospolitej. W wyniku traktatu polsko-brandenburskiego zawartego 19 IX 1657 r. w Welawie, którego politycznym celem było pozyskanie elektora w toczącej się wojnie przeciwko Szwecji, doszło do zawarcia przymierza polsko-brandenburskiego. Pominięcie w traktacie dawnej pozycji elektora jako lennika, a uznanie go za stronę porozumienia, oznaczało w praktyce zniesienie dotychczasowego stosunku lennego poprzez zastąpienie go nowym stosunkiem polityczno-prawnym. W ten sposób nastąpiło uchylenie zwierzchnictwa polskiego nad Prusami Książęcymi przez zastosowanie nowej regulacji. Zastosowanie tego rozwiązania zachowało po stronie polskiej liczne uprawnienia w stosunku do Prus Książęcych. Dopiero zaniedbania Polski w ich wykonywaniu oraz aktywna polityka elektora Fryderyka Wilhelma w latach następnych ostatecznie doprowadziły do zniesienia zwierzchnictwa polskiego nad Prusami Książęcymi.
EN
The article presents the circumstances and provisions of the legal and political abolition of the Prussian Homage, understood as the institution of political and legal character established by the Treaty of Kraków on April 8th, 1525. The liberation of Prussia from feudal subordination to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place during the Polish-Swedish war started in 1655. In that war Friedrich Wilhelm, Elector of Brandenburg and the liegeman of the Polish crown fought against Poland. The Brandenburg - Polish Treaty of Wehlau was signed on 19 September 1657 with the aim on the Polish side to acquire support from the Elector in the ongoing war against Sweden. Thus, the Polish-Brandenburg alliance was the result of this treaty. Moreover, the omission in the Treaty to name the elector as a vassal and at the same time recognizing him as the side of the agreement meant de facto the abolition of the current feudal service and replacing it with the new politico-legal relationship. In this way when the new regulation entered into force the Polish sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia began coming to the end. Poland however kept numerous rights to Prussia. Only the Polish negligent in their implementation and active policy of Friedrich Wilhelm, Elector of Brandenburg, led eventually to the end of the Polish sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in the following years.
2
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Sprawa pruska w pokoju oliwskim z 3 maja 1660 r. cz. 2 Rokowania w Oliwie i zawarcie pokoju.

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Makiłła D.
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
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2018
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issue 2(300)
238-252
EN
he article presents the problem of the confirmation of treatises between Commonwealth and elector Frederic William of Brandenburg concluded in 1657 during the negotiations in Oliva monastery in 1660 concerning that peace of the war which was waged in northern Europe from 1655. The Brandenburg tried to include these both sides treatises in conclusions of the peace of Oliva to reach guarantees of general peace what could bring to elector the recognition of his release from the Fief in Duchy of Prussia and confirmation of his political independence in this territory. The Swedes didn’t want to agree with this conception because they levelled charges for all the treatises concluded during the war that have been made, in their mind, against them. The confirmation of Prussian case was dealt at the background of other important for Brandenburg questions as for example the delivering the city of Elbing admitted already to the Elector by Commonwealth in treaty of Bromberg in 1657, which the Swedish did not want realize for the same reason as connected with hostile them treatises. At the end after a longer and hard negotiations in Peace of Oliva however was not concluded the special confirmation of release the elector from Fief in Duchy of Prussia and acknowledgment of his independence there but in Peace of Oliva was made a general confirmation all the treatises and agreements concluded during just the finished war what signified also the treatises between the Commonwealth and the Elector of Brandenburg from 1657.
3
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Sprawa pruska w pokoju oliwskim z 3 maja 1660 r. cz. 3 Uznanie a zwyczaj prawnomiędzynarodowy w praktyce politycznej dotyczącej Prus Ksiażęcych w drugiej połowie XVII w.

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Makiłła D.
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
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2018
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issue 3(301)
462-480
EN
The conclusion of peace in Oliwa on May 3, 1660, ending the Northern War begun in 1655, implied an acceptance of the provisions of earlier treaties, including the bilateral Polish–Brandenburg Treaty of Velawy (1657), regulating mutual relations between Prussia and the Republic of Poland. It was particularly important to recognise the legal and political status of Ducal Prussia after 1657. However, due to the limited recognition of the full external independence of the Prussian principality in the Treaty of Velawy, this matter was the subject of Brandenburgian efforts, aimed at strengthening this position. The problem gained special significance in the context of the coronation of Elector Frederick III as king of Prussia, as Frederick I, which in the face of Poland’s weakness was confirmed by international recognition.
4
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Sprawa pruska w traktacie oliwskim z 3 maja 1660 roku cz. 1 zakończenie działań wojennych i brandenburskie przygotowania do rokowań pokojowych (1657-1659/1660)

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Makiłła D.
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
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2018
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issue 1(299)
57-76
EN
he conclusion of treaties by the Republic of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg in Welawa and Bydgoszcz in 1657 was a turning point in the Polish-Swedish war, begun in 1655. The elector of Brandenburg, Frederick Wilhelm, joined the anti-Swedish coalition in exchange for exemption from subordination to Prussia. Conducting a prudent and balanced policy, he aimed to increase his political position through both military participation and diplomatic efforts. The goal of Frederick Wilhelm’s policy was to achieve the greatest possible benefits in the ongoing war, including acquiring territorial gains. Faced with efforts to conclude a general peace that would end the war, at the same time opening the way towards creating a new political order in the central and northern part of Europe, Elector Frederick Wilhelm, who gained the position of a party to the conflict, made his own proposals for peace negotiations planned in Oliwa. Among Brandenburg’s postulates was, amongst other things, the issue of extending the provisions of treaties concluded in 1657 with Poland in Welawa and Bydgoszcz, which would also create international guarantees for them.
5
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Moc prawna aktu 5 listopada 1916 roku

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Makiłła D.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2017
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issue 1(138)
59–77
EN
The appreciation of a political declaration of 5 November 1916 issued by the Emperor of Germany, William, and the Emperor of Austria, Francis Joseph in which they proclaimed the establishment of a state named the Kingdom of Poland is usually made from a political point of view, especially in the context of internalization of Polish question during the First World War. The purpose of the article is to analyse this declaration as a self-contained state act of supreme authorities of Germany and Austro-Hungary and to examine the legal reasons and circumstances of the announcement of the declaration of 5 November, but also to defi ne the juridical sense and consequences connected with this act, particularly in relation to establishment of Polish state. The constitutive political and legal effect of 5 November Act was the establishment of a state whose institutions, created in 1916–1918, entered into the Polish state established through the self-determination of 1918.
6
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Nietrafiony projekt? Skutki prawno-polityczne Aktu 5 listopada 1916 roku

100%
Makiłła D.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2017
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vol. 24
103-115
EN
The paper presents the circumstances of creation, in mid-1916, of a concept for Germany and Austro-Hungarian Empire to create a Polish state in Polish territories captured from Russia in 1915. The newly created Kingdom of Poland was to be subordinated to the Central Powers. Its creation was announced in the Manifesto of 5th November 1916 by Emperor of Germany Wilhelm II and Emperor of Austria, Franz Joseph I. The concept of creating a Polish state was an expression of political and military interests of the Central Powers. Its implementation was dependent on the turns of war, volatility of which resulted in inconsistent behaviour of the Central Powers, disappointed by Polish community’s cautious reaction to the Act of 5ht November. Within the Kingdom of Poland, a number of institutions and bodies of state were established. Since Central Powers lost the war, their policy with respect to the newly created Polish state brought benefi ts only to the Polish side.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono okoliczności powstania w połowie 1916 r. koncepcji utworzenia państwa polskiego przez Niemcy i Austro-Węgry na ziemiach polskich zdobytych w 1915 r. na Rosji. Nowo utworzone Królestwo Polski miało podlegać zwierzchnictwu państw centralnych. Jego powstanie zadeklarowali w manifeście z 5 XI 1916 r. cesarz niemiecki Wilhelm i cesarz austro-węgierski Franciszek Józef. Koncepcja utworzenia państwa polskiego była wyrazem politycznych i militarnych interesów państw centralnych. Jej realizacja zależna była od koniunktury wojennej, której zmienność wpływała na niekonsekwentne postępowanie państw centralnych zawiedzionych ostrożną reakcją społeczeństwa polskiego na akt 5 listopada. W ramach powstałego Królestwa Polski utworzono szereg instytucji i organów państwowych. Wskutek przegranej przez państwa centralne wojny korzyści z ich polityki w sprawie nowo powstałego państwa polskiego odniosła jedynie strona polska.
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