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PL
Spośród wielu możliwych sposobów łączenia się z Internetem, w ostatnich latach szczególnego znaczenia nabiera dostęp bezprzewodowy. Zapewnia on użytkownikom sieci korzystanie z jej zasobów praktycznie w każdym miejscu w przestrzeni. Wśród możliwych sposobów łączności bezprzewodowej najwyższą jakość połączeń zapewniają hotspoty, czyli wydzielone w przestrzeni obszary, w których użytkownicy komputerów wyposażonych w odpowiednią kartę sieciową mogą łączyć się z siecią za pomocą fal radiowych. W artykule omówiono rozwój omawianego zagadnienia na świecie oraz w Polsce. Przedstawiono także rozmieszczenie hotspotów na obszarze Łodzi.
EN
In the information age, providing fast and public access to the information, especially to services available through the Internet becomes a new necessity. At the current stage of development of information technology the access can take a diversified form, where traditional and wireless techniques are the most basic criteria of fragmentation. Many observations indicate, that recently more and more places appear where wireless Internet is available. All cell phone operators in Poland provided their customers with such an option. Another way of supplying such an access is creating so called hotspots. A hotspot is a venue that offers wireless access to the Internet. The public can use a laptop equipped with a network card to connect to the Internet through radio frequency. In the end of 2005 there were 600 hotspots, most of them were located in big cities. Wireless internet accessibility allows certain urban areas to gain a new advantage which is important to individual and institutional network users. The paper described a diversified use of this kind of connection in Polish cities, particularly a detail hotspots’ locations in Łódź.
PL
W artykule zwrócono uwagę na pogłębiające się w Polsce w latach dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. zjawisko ubożenia społeczeństwa. Rozwarstwienie dochodów jest zjawiskiem typowym dla gospodarki wolnorynkowej, jednakże w przypadku Polski skala i zakres ubóstwa, w powiązaniu z rosnącym bezrobociem, staje się jednym z najważniejszych problemów społecznych.
EN
The paper is focused on pauperisation of Polish society that aggravated in the 1990s. A divergence of income level is a typical phenomenon in free-market economies, nevertheless the range of poverty in Poland, coupled with progressing unemployment has become one of the most acute social problems.
EN
The influence of religion on shaping the urban space has to be considered in at least two ways. Firstly, we have cities being created around the places of religious worship (Jackowski 2003, Beaujeu-Garnier, Chabot 1971). Secondly, we have places of religious worship created within the urban space. In both cases, we are dealing with the term of 2 religious space, which by analogy to S. Liszewski’s tourist space (1999) and A. Jackowski’s pilgrimage space (2004) can be defined as subspace of geographical space, created in relevance to its functions. It also seems that for the religious space of the city, its meaning defined by people is no less important than its functions. This article aims to analyze the changes of religious space in Łódź. The issue is presented in relation to the evolution of religious structure of Łódź citizens, from the early 19th century to present times. Various source materials have been used to create this article: census data, archive documents, interviews and questionnaires.
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