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EN
Although Goethe is primarily an independent author of high rank, translations occupy a significant place in his work. Some of them, e.g. The Poems of Ossian or Mad Wanderer were included in his own works. Goethe not only translated, but also analyzed various translation techniques (the deep reflection on translation was indeed a hallmark of his era). He noticed advantages of translating the poetry by means of prose and techniques of translation which introduced the original to the reader and facilitated its perception, however he found translation close to the original as ideal translation – in case of poetry this translation was close to interlinear – and somehow “bringing up” the reader to acquire it. This theoretical reflection on the translator’s profession was discussed mostly in one of the essays accompanying West-Eastern Divan. However, not always he followed the rules which he recommended, e.g. he germanized quite freely memories of Benvenuto Cellini.
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Rewolucjonista mimo woli. Luter oczyma Heinego

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PL
Artykuł omawia sposób, w jaki Heinrich Heine opisuje postać Lutra w swoim eseju Z dziejów religii i filozofii w Niemczech. Luter jest jego zdaniem człowiekiem, który przyniósł Niemcom wolność myśli, co zaowocowało powstaniem filozofii, krytycznie badającej także chrześcijaństwo. Następstwem reformacji była także teologia krytyczna wobec tradycyjnych dogmatów, prowadząca do faktycznego samorozkładu religii chrześcijańskiej, zastępowanej w Niemczech stopniowo przez panteizm. Wszystkie te zjawiska pozostawały oczywiście w całkowitej sprzeczności z rzeczywistymi intencjami Reformatora, który „rewolucjonistą” stał się wyłącznie „mimo woli”.
EN
A presentation of the way in which Heinrich Heine portrayed Luther in his essay: On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany. Heine envisaged Luther as a person who brought the Germans freedom of thought, which in turn produced a philosophy that critically studies also Christianity. Another consequence of the Reformation was theology critical of traditional dogmas and leading to an actual self-dissolution of Christian religion, which in Germany was gradually replaced by pantheism. Naturally, all those phenomena contradicted the actual intentions of the Reformer, who became a “revolutionary” entirely “against his will”.
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