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1
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Digital Currency in Broader Sense, Status, Regulation and Development Trends

100%
Štrkolec M., Hrabčák L.
Financial Law Review
|
2021
|
issue 21(1)
62-79
PL
The present article deals with one of the phenomena of the Industrial (Digital) revolution 4.0, which is digital currency in broader sense, respectively virtual currencies, as some authors refer to them. Despite the fact that this phenomenon is not such a novelty in society, it has demanded the focus of legal science only in recent years and the discussion has not subsided, it can be stated that it is only in the beginning. Along with digital currency in broader sense, there are several issues, such as the correctness of their naming, their legal status and, as far as the area of tax law is concerned, these are also questions of the manner and possibilities of taxing transactions with them. Authors set as a goal of this article to verify the following hypotheses:   - the naming of digital currency in broader sense as a currency is incorrect given the existing knowledge of financial law science.   - the legal regulation of digital currency in broader sense in selected Member States of the European Union is not sufficient.   To verifying the above hypotheses, the authors used several methods of writing scientific works, but especially analysis, synthesis, the method of comparison and the historical method, which the authors used in combination with each other.
2
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Digital Currency in Broader Sense, Status, Regulation and Development Trends

100%
Štrkolec M., Hrabčák L.
Financial Law Review
|
2021
|
vol. 21
|
issue 1
62-79
EN
The present article deals with one of the phenomena of the Industrial (Digital) revolution 4.0, which is digital currency in broader sense, respectively virtual currencies, as some authors refer to them. Despite the fact that this phenomenon is not such a novelty in society, it has demanded the focus of legal science only in recent years and the discussion has not subsided, it can be stated that it is only in the beginning. Along with digital currency in broader sense, there are several issues, such as the correctness of their naming, their legal status and, as far as the area of tax law is concerned, these are also questions of the manner and possibilities of taxing transactions with them. Authors set as a goal of this article to verify the following hypotheses:   - the naming of digital currency in broader sense as a currency is incorrect given the existing knowledge of financial law science.   - the legal regulation of digital currency in broader sense in selected Member States of the European Union is not sufficient.   To verifying the above hypotheses, the authors used several methods of writing scientific works, but especially analysis, synthesis, the method of comparison and the historical method, which the authors used in combination with each other.
3
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Tax Fairness in the Context of the Digital (Industrial) Revolution 4.0

100%
Štrkolec M., Hrabčák L.
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
|
2022
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vol. 31
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issue 4
155-174
PL
Zasady podatkowe są jednymi z najważniejszych kwestii leżących u podstaw systemów podatkowych. Pomimo to debata naukowa podąża ostatnio w innym kierunku i te pozornie proste sprawy nie cieszą się zbyt dużą uwagą. Nie jest to naszym zdaniem prawidłowe, zwłaszcza że obecnie prawo podatkowe (oraz inne gałęzie prawa) podlega wielu zmianom wynikającym ze zjawisk powodowanych rewolucją cyfrową (przemysłową) 4.0. Jedną z takich zasad jest sprawiedliwość podatkowa. Można ocenić, że literatura na temat tej zasady jest na wysokim poziomie. Jaki (ewentualny) wpływ ma gospodarka cyfrowa na istotę i cechy sprawiedliwego obciążenia podatkowego? Czy projektowane zmiany na poziomie Unii Europejskiej zmierzają w kierunku ograniczenia arbitralności władztwa podatkowego? Są to pytania, na które także staramy się odpowiedzieć w niniejszym artykule, mając na celu zbadanie następujących hipotez: 1) gospodarka cyfrowa jest istotnym czynnikiem wpływającym na ustaloną i fundamentalną zasadę systemu podatkowego, tzn. zasadę sprawiedliwości podatkowej; 2) podatek od usług cyfrowych jest jednym z instrumentów na poziomie Unii Europejskiej, który może być zastosowany do osiągnięcia sprawiedliwości podatków w państwach członkowskich w czasach tzw. rewolucji cyfrowej (przemysłowej) 4.0. Dla osiągnięcia ustalonego celu i weryfikacji tych hipotez cząstkowych stosujemy łącznie metody analizy i syntezy oraz metodę historyczną. Wyniki naszych badań mogą pobudzić naukową debatę i przyczynić się do zaktualizowania ustalonej wiedzy teoretycznej ogólnie przyjętej przez środowisko naukowe.
EN
The principles of taxation are one of the most important issues underlying tax systems as such. In spite of this fact, recently the scientific debate has been moving in a different direction and these seemingly straightforward issues have not received much attention. In our opinion, this is not correct, all the more so now that tax law (as well as other branches of law) is subject to many changes caused by the phenomena brought about by the digital (industrial) revolution 4.0. One such principle is that of tax fairness. It can be said that the literature on this principle is of a high standard. What impacts (if any) does the digital economy have on the substance and attributes of fair tax burden? Are the proposed changes at the level of the European Union aimed at limiting the arbitrariness of the tax authority? These are also questions that we will try to answer in this paper, which aims to verify the following hypotheses: 1) the digital economy is a significant factor influencing the established and underlying principle of taxation, which is tax fairness; 2) the digital services tax is one of the instruments at the European Union level that can be used to achieve tax fairness across member states in period which can be described as the digital (industrial) revolution 4.0. In order to fulfil the set aim and to verify these partial hypotheses, we used analysis, synthesis and a historical method, which were used in combination. The results of our research can stimulate scientific debate and contribute to the updating of the already established and generally accepted by the scientific community general theoretical knowledge.
4
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Klauzula GAAR w Republice Słowackiej

100%
Hrabčák L., Vartašová A.
Analizy i Studia CASP
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2023
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vol. 16
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issue 2
1-10
EN
The paper discusses the issue of legal GAAR in the conditions of the Slovak Republic. The authors clarify how this legal instrument has developed over time in the context of the EU law, highlight its peculiarities and at the same time compare it with the minimum standard required by the EU legislator. In the conclusion, the authors propose a possible optimisation of wording of the statutory GAAR in the Slovak Republic. The research was based on the legal wording as of 10 October 2023.
PL
W artykule omówiono kwestię klauzuli prawnej GAAR w świetle warunków panujących w Republice Słowackiej. Autorzy wyjaśniają, jak ten instrument prawny rozwijał się w kontekście prawa UE, opisują jego specyfikę oraz porównują go z minimalnym standardem wymaganym przez prawodawcę UE. W podsumowaniu autorzy zaproponowali możliwą optymalizację ustawowego brzmienia klauzuli GAAR w Republice Słowackiej. Badania opierały się na sformułowaniach prawnych obowiązujących w dniu 10 października 2023 r.
5
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Digital Currency in Broader Sense, Status, Regulation and Development Trends

100%
Štrkolec M., Hrabčák L.
Financial Law Review
|
2021
|
vol. 21
|
issue 1
62-79
EN
The present article deals with one of the phenomena of the Industrial (Digital) revolution 4.0, which is digital currency in broader sense, respectively virtual currencies, as some authors refer to them. Despite the fact that this phenomenon is not such a novelty in society, it has demanded the focus of legal science only in recent years and the discussion has not subsided, it can be stated that it is only in the beginning. Along with digital currency in broader sense, there are several issues, such as the correctness of their naming, their legal status and, as far as the area of tax law is concerned, these are also questions of the manner and possibilities of taxing transactions with them. Authors set as a goal of this article to verify the following hypotheses:   - the naming of digital currency in broader sense as a currency is incorrect given the existing knowledge of financial law science.   - the legal regulation of digital currency in broader sense in selected Member States of the European Union is not sufficient.   To verifying the above hypotheses, the authors used several methods of writing scientific works, but especially analysis, synthesis, the method of comparison and the historical method, which the authors used in combination with each other.
6
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On certain issues of digital services taxes

100%
Hrabčák L., Popovič A.
Financial Law Review
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2020
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vol. 17
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issue 1
52-69
EN
The article deals with some of the consequences of the digital economy in general. The authors focus on digital services, specifically the tax law aspects of digital services. Some states' tax systems already regulate certain partial issues of the digital economy, such as taxation of virtual currencies or taxation of digital platforms, but now legislators are focusing on taxation of digital services. This paper highlights ongoing initiatives at international and national level to provide the reader with a relatively comprehensive view of the current (legal) situation. “Digital giants” are already taxed in some countries, and therefore it is possible to assess how effective some legislation is, even if it has been too short to evaluate it objectively.
7
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Deduction of VAT Supplier Factity in the Light of the Decision-making Activity of the CJEU

100%
Štrkolec M., Hrabčák L.
Financial Law Review
|
2023
|
vol. 30
|
issue 2
64-78
EN
The topic of tax evasion is still very relevant even at the time of dealing with the lingering economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, at the time of the war in Ukraine and dealing with other associated phenomena, such as high inflation, price increases and others. The fight against tax evasion is often accompanied by the fact that many taxpayers are denied their rights, and often unjustly. More and more, such situations can be encountered in the field of VAT, which is also confirmed by the relatively rich case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the given area. The aim of the presented paper is to identify the fundamental problems of VAT deduction in the process of proof in the tax administration, to analyse selected decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union and to synthesize knowledge applicable to taxpayers in the procedural defence of their rights and interests protected by law. We used several methods of writing scientific papers of this kind in processing the mentioned issue, but mainly analysis, synthesis, and partially also the comparative method, which we applied in mutual contexts.
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