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EN
The aim of the article is to review the situation in terms of changes in the population of large cities in Central and East-Central Europe. Cities with a population above 300,000 inhabitants in 2004 were considered as large. The time frame of the analysis covers the period between 2004 and 2014. In total, the study involved 59 cities, of which in 31 an increase in the official number of inhabitants was recorded, and in 29 a decrease. It was found that the largest increase occurred mainly in the capital cities and in cities attractive to tourists, while the biggest decrease in post-industrial cities. At the regional level, the highest percentage of large cities with a decrease in the official population was recorded in the Baltic States, Poland and Ukraine
EN
In the times of the omnipresent globalization, an important place in the education of children and adolescents takes the regional education and the associated with it deepening of the regional identity. The content related to this subject is woven into the issues of different subjects: history, Polish language, geography and civics. Currently available forms and methods of education are offering the teacher conducting classes, many opportunities to prepare the best workshop to achieve his or her goals in this area. One of them is the cooperation with external institutions dealing with regionalism. The curriculum activities of the Pedestrian Tourist Club “Mikołajek” PTTK (Polish Tourist and Sightseeing Society) Słupsk in cooperation with Słupsk schools is an excellent example of this. Years of experience, the regional knowledge and qualifications possessed by the staff of the Club provide a solid foundation that can be used and is used in the regional education of children and adolescents, thus implementing the main objectives of “Mikołajek”.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present the military objects of the Hel Peninsula which played a key role during the defense of September 1939. What has served as an object of this research is the two regions of the Hel Peninsula, in the landscape of which many fortifications have survived, namely, The Jastarnia Resistance Center and The Hel Fortified Area. The article indicates the location, military characteristics and purpose of individual elements of fortifications in both areas. These objects were later extended to cater for the needs of the army, however, they lost their rank when the military unit was disassembled. Due to the growing number of military enthusiasts The Jastarnia Resistance Center and The Hel Fortified Area had soon become a local attraction, which contributed to the revitalisation of various facilities and making them available for cultural purposes.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie militarnych obiektów Półwyspu Helskiego, które odegrały kluczową rolę podczas obrony we wrzeniu 1939 r. Badaniem objęto dwa rejony Półwyspu Helskiego – Ośrodek Oporu Jastarnia i Rejon Umocniony Hel, w których krajobrazie zachowało się wiele fortyfikacji. W artykule wskazano lokalizację poszczególnych elementów umocnień obu obszarów oraz podano ich charakterystykę militarną i przeznaczenie. Obiekty te w późniejszym okresie były rozbudowywane na potrzeby wojska, natomiast w momencie rozformowania jednostki wojskowej straciły swoją rangę. Stały się miejscami zainteresowania miłośników militariów, co przyczyniło się do rewitalizacji obiektów i udostępnienia ich do celów kulturowych.
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