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EN
The article “The Bible in Nicolaus Copernicus’ poem Septem Sidera” focuses on the relation between seven odes and the biblical subject matter — waiting for the Messiah, his birth, his circumcision, three Wise Men offering him gifts and his teachings in the temple. All those scenes have their own implications in the Old Testament and the New Testament. They are supported by the rich content (Asclepiadean metre in the Latin translation). The division of the poem into seven parts may reflect the number of odes and the same number of stanzas. It is not certain if it was Nicolaus Copernicus who wrote the poem and that is why it is better to say that the poem is attributed to Copernicus.
EN
Maria Konopnicka (1842–1910) can be placed somewhere between traditional and liberal Catholicism. This means in practice that she took into account legitimate aspirations of the Church to defend its position. At that time the tsarist authorities sought to eradicate religion from the consciousness of the Polish population and to apply Russophile measures with regard to it. These prompted the writer to adopt a radical approach to the Polish cause. When it comes to the relevance of Konopnicka’s actions at the time, they took the form of strong protests against the restrictions imposed on the Church. She was convinced that only by speaking directly could the effects of the partitioner’s action be alleviated. In this she did not forget about the papacy, being usually critical about it. Her opinion was based on a conviction that the institution was inept and that it falsified religion. On the opposite extreme stood Catholic modernism, which in many respects shared a romantic perception of faith. Romanticism was in any case a strong characteristic of Konopnicka’s entire oeuvre. Her poetry is imbued with a cult of national poets and deliberate references to their writings.
XX
The poetical prayers by Zygmunt Krasiński are pessimistic about life. Their authors proves the tragedy of human existence. According to his poetical view nothing else is left but to say prayers for the grace of sudden death, which equals with human's liberation. The poems are - on the one hand - typical in the Catholic way of expression; on the other hand, due to Krasiński's desire of new afterlife connected with the existence despair, they went much beyond the Catholic outlook. Entire anthology of the lyrics is very much related to the poet's life, therefore it gets this particular autobiographical character.
EN
Fyodor Dostoevsky’s novel The Idiot brings a significant distinction between East and West, which flows from religious considerations. For the main character, Lev Myshkin, the East is the highest embodiment of Christianity, even a mystical understanding of it; the West, on the other hand, is the embodiment of evil – deception, the quest for absolute power, socialist rule. The confrontation between these two rationales must eventually erupt, for it is a struggle for the primacy of moral values. Lev Myshkin himself, who is created as Christ, has to prove his beliefs and resolve what the truth is. This is compounded by his nervous illness, which only sharpens his state of mind and means that we are dealing here with a man full of inner, almost mystical feelings. These come to the fore in the discussions and polemics conducted by the protagonist. Both the weakness and the strength of Lev Myshkin are manifested here.
PL
Powieść Idiota Fiodora Dostojewskiego przynosi znaczące rozgraniczenie między Wschodem a Zachodem, które wypływa z racji religijnych. Dla głównego bohatera, Lwa Myszkina, Wschód to najwyższe wcielenie chrześcijaństwa, mistyczne wręcz jego pojmowanie; Zachód zaś to wcielenie zła – oszustwo, dążenie do absolutnej władzy, rządy socjalistyczne. Konfrontacja obu tych racji musi w końcu wybuchnąć, bo jest to walka o prymat wartości moralnych. Sam Lew Myszkin, który jest kreowany na Chrystusa, musi dowieść swoich przekonań i rozstrzygnąć, co to jest prawda. Nakłada się na to jego choroba nerwowa, która tylko wyostrza jego stan ducha i sprawia, że mamy tutaj do czynienia z człowiekiem pełnym uczuć wewnętrznych, wręcz mistycznych. Dochodzą one do głosu w dyskusjach i polemikach prowadzonych przez głównego bohatera. Przejawia się w tym zarówno słabość, jak i siła Lwa Myszkina.
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