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1
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The Test of Implicit Attitudes Towards Persons with Visual, Intellectual and Motor Disabilities (IAT-VIMD): A Preliminary Study

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Kurtek P.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
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2021
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vol. 24
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issue 1
43-64
EN
The implicit attitudes, compared to explicit attitudes moderated by social pressure, play a dominant role in everyday interactions with disabled persons. Therefore, the purpose of the paper is to present the development of Implicit Attitudes Test toward Persons with Visual, Intellectual, and Motor Disabilities (IAT-VIMD). It has been developed to compare the favorization vs devaluation tendency towards non-disabled and disabled adults. We applied photographs showing people in everyday situations to assure spontaneous reactions of the respondents. Ninety-two respondents aged 19–22 years took part in the research. The procedure is based on the IAT (Implicit Association Test) index, developed by Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz (1998), i.e. the difference in response time to affective compatible vs non-compatible signals. Statistical analysis confirmed the content validity based on the Competent Judges’ agreement as regards the type of disability, the level of visibility and the level of overall life activity of the object. The external validity was verified with The Conditional Respect for Persons with Disabilities Questionnaire (CRPD-Q) by Kurtek (2018). Next the absolute stability of the test was proved. The presented IAT-VIMD meets the psychometric criteria of content and theoretical validity as well as reliability, and has the potential to become a useful measure of implicit attitudes towards adults with visual, motor and intellectual disabilities in various social groups. The discussion points to the test’s limitations and recommendations for future development and use. In particular, a need for further research on the external validity of the test has been emphasized.
2
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The Conditional Respect for Persons with Disabilities Questionnaire (CRPD-Q)

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Kurtek P.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 4
327-344
EN
Conditional respect reflects a positive evaluation based on internalized normative assumptions (Reykowski). This evaluation may be operationalized in the form of verbal judgments, which enables the use of the questionnaire technique. The opinions on the conditions of gaining and losing respect for adults with disabilities, collected with the participation of 32 competent judges, enabled the development of a set of test items, indicating the dispositional orientation of conditional respect. The collected research material based on a sample of 323 respondents assessing the significance of various forms of disabled people’s activity to the increase or decrease in the respect they enjoy in social perception was subjected to exploratory factor analysis (with Varimax rotation). Scree plot analysis indicated the presence of two factors: the first one positive and the second one negative. A detailed examination of the items in the light of the theory of normative assumptions (Reykowski) revealed five categories: Individual Productivity, Individual and Collective Synergy (Factor I), as well as Individual Receptiveness and Antagonism (Factor II). The analysis of stability confirmed the repeatability of 29 items, and the internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) of the items for the identified categories of normative beliefs ranges from .73 to .83. Therefore, the CRPD-Q meets the basic validity and reliability criteria of the measurement of conditional respect for adults with disabilities – overall conditional respect and its various aspects. Finally, the instructions for estimating and interpreting the scores are presented and further challenges involved in the development of the measure are signaled.
3
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Indeks schematów rówieśników szkolnych uczniów z lekką niepełnosprawnością intelektualną (IE-PP-R) – eksperymentalna wersja kwestionariusza

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Kurtek P.
Kultura i Edukacja
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2016
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issue 1(111)
217-229
EN
The goal of the paper is presentation the indexmeasure concerning the classmatesschemes of adolescents’ with mild intellectual disabilities (mid). Psychosocial paradigm in rehabilitation inclines to get acquainted with subjective perspective which encourages to compiling instruments matched to cognitive abilities and social experience of the population. The theoretical approach of the tool is: the Theory of Social Schemes by B. Wojciszke (1986). The essence of these schemes is to see others as acting intentionally. As a key of partnerships (with classmates) there were distinguished two dimensions: help bullying and inclusion isolation which are very common presented in objective research perspective on mid. Due to the limited cognitive abilities of this population the research tool are based on Likerttype scale reduced to 4 options of choice. Moreover the items are formulated in easylanguage based on real episodes. The psychometric procedure included such steps as: preparing a set of items focusing on these experiences, estimation of the content adequacy (by 6 Competent Judges). Then a group of 103 students (55 female and 48 male) with Special Educational Centre (SOSW) aged 18 to 22 years under the equinumerosity representation of both male and female, and rural and urban milieu were selected. Obtained data (with the Statistica 10 and XL STAT programs) made it possible to prove the theoretical accuracy (by factors analysis) and the internal reliability (by Cronbach Alpha) of the tool. Therefore the index have sufficient psychometric properties and may be used to explore the subjective schemes of classmates with mid.
4
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Regulacyjne znaczenie doświadczeń relacji z rodzicami w radzeniu sobie młodzieży z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w stopniu lekkim w sytuacjach trudnych społecznie

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Kurtek P.
Psychologia Rozwojowa
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2012
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vol. 17
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issue 4
63–77
EN
Research findings have documented that coping of individuals with mild intellectual disability depends on social and psychological factors (Kościelska, 1998; Zigler, 1999; Switzky, 1999; Kurtek, 2009). The aim of the empirical research was to verify the regulatory role of individual experiences (conscious representation of parental attitudes) in coping of youth with mild intellectual disability in confl icts with parents. In the study of a group of 60 students (age: 14–20) from a special school, psychological methods belonging to a cognitive paradigm were used: te PCR Questionnaire (Parent-Child Relation Questionnaire) by A. Roe and M. Siegelman (1963) and RTSS Questionnaire (Coping in Difficult Social Situations) by Danuta Borecka-Biernat (2003). Both methods were adapted to low reading and understanding skills of the population (shorter items without abstract words). The results of multiple regression confi rmed the model of tendentious perception of object by R.H. Fazio (1986) in regulating coping strategies. Problem-oriented responses in confl icts with parents are explained in 30% of variance by individual experiences of Love (from mother and father as well) and not Demanding (rather Casual) mother. The predictors of aggressive coping tendency were experiences of father’s Rejection and lack of mother’s Attention (15% of variance). Finally the avoidance coping was explained in 10% by the experience of lack of mother’s Love. Obtained data comply to the holistic model of social rehabilitation of mildly intellectually disabled youth.
5
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Indeks schematów rodziców u młodzieży z lekką niepełnosprawnością intelektualną – eksperymentalna wersja kwestionariusza („Moi Rodzice” AD-AO-R)

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Kurtek P.
Człowiek - Niepełnosprawność - Społeczeństwo
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2015
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issue 3(29)
69-85
PL
Poznanie subiektywnej perspektywy przeżywania i rozumienia świata społecznego przez młodzież z lekką niepełnosprawnością stanowi podstawowe wyzwanie współczesnej myśli rehabilitacyjnej ukierunkowanej na osobę jako podmiot (Kowalik, 2007; Schlalock, Luckasson,Shogren, 2007; Schlalock i in., 2010). Deficyt narzędzi badawczych uwzględniających obniżone możliwości poznawcze i specyficzny zasób doświadczeń młodzieży z lekką niepełnosprawnością intelektualną (lni) skłania do opracowywania nowych testów. Celem tego artykułu jest prezentacja indeksu doświadczeń z rodzicami (AD-AO-R), zorganizowanych w postaci schematów poznawczych. Podstawę teoretyczną konstrukcji narzędzia stanowi Teoria Schematów Społecznych Bogdana Wojciszke (1986). Zgodnie z nią, specyficzną cechą schematów osób są typowe działania podmiotu. Za istotne dla relacji z rodzicami uznano doświadczenia związane z wymiarami: akceptacja-odrzucenie i autonomia-dominacja (Kościelska, 1984, 1998; Obuchowska, 1999; Olszewski, 2005). Opracowane itemy związane z tymi zachowaniami zostały zweryfikowane na podstawie decyzji sędziów kompetentnych, co dało podstawę do określenia trafności treściowej. Dalsza weryfikacja właściwości psychometrycznych narzędzia oparta została na badaniach dwóch prób badawczych (98-osobowej – wersja dla matki oraz 85-osobowej – wersja dla ojca) grupy uczniów zasadniczej szkoły specjalnej SOSW w wieku od 18. do 22. roku życia, pochodzących zarówno ze środowiska miejskiego, jak i wiejskiego. Hierarchiczna analiza czynnikowa wskazała na zasadność ortogonalnej eksploracji czynników (Varimax). Poziomy zgodności wewnętrznej czynników (dla najlepszych itemów w poszczególnych wymiarach), na podstawie współczynnika Alpha-Cronbacha, pozwoliły uznać narzędzie za spełniające kryteria dobroci psychometrycznej.
EN
Finding out the subjective perspective of adolescents with mild disabilities on their experiencing and understanding the social world poses a fundamental challenge for present rehabilitation thought, which centers on the person as a subject (Kowalik, 2007; Schalock, Luckasson, Shogren, 2007; Schalock et al., 2010). The shortage of research tools that take into consideration the lowered cognitive abilities and the specific store of experiences of adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities provokes the need to design new tests. This article aims to present an index of experiences with parents (AD-AO-R) that are organized as cognitive schemas. Bogdan Wojciszke’s Teoria Schematów Społecznych [Theory of social schemas] (1986) is the theoretical basis for the tool. According to this theory, a subject’s typical activities are a specific characteristic of schemas. Experiences connected with acceptance-rejection and autonomy-domination were considered important for relationships with parents (Kościelska, 1984, 1998; Obuchowska, 1999; Olszewski, 2005). The items connected with these behaviors were validated based on the decisions of competent judges, which provided basis for content validity. Further validation of the tool’s psychometric qualities was based on a study of two research samples (98-person sample – version for the mother and 85-person sample – version for the father) made up of basic special school students in a Special Education Residential Program, aged 18-22, from rural and urban backgrounds. Hierarchical factor analysis showed the validity of orthogonal factor rotation (Varimax). The levels of factor internal consistency (for the best items in the individual dimensions) – based on Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient – show that the tool can be considered as a tool that meets the psychometric goodness criteria.
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