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EN
The concept of energy security embraces three main dimensions: security of supply (technical dimension), competitiveness of the energy market (economic dimension), and sustainable development (environmental dimension). In this article the concept is extended onto the fourth dimension—social. This is verified empirically through opinion polls and in-depth interviews as well as a questionnaire with energy experts. The results of those surveys confirm relations between all four dimensions of the energy security concept. The environmental dimension is most important for society and the technical one for energy experts, while both groups perceive the social dimension as less crucial.
EN
Analyzing EU-Russia relations one may find significant difference regarding the energy security definition. From the Russian perspective this concept is defined mainly through the technical prism focusing on stable and secure supply. In turn, many European researchers add economic and environmental dimensions of this concept underlying the role of competitive market and interrelations with climate issue. In this paper author tries to reduce a difference between these two positions. He aims at elaborating broad definition of the energy security which should help for better analysis EU-Russia energy relations. He states that existing definition based on three abovementioned elements like security of supply, free market, and sustainable development, is incomplete and should therefore be extended by the fourth component, so called social and political agreement.
EN
Russia’s vast natural gas deposits, widely viewed as a vital strategic asset, make it possible for Russia to exert an influence on the neighbouring countries. One of key elements of Kremlin’s gas strategy in this regard is having direct access to European and Asian markets. In the context of the EU–Russia crisis triggered by the war in Ukraine, Moscow is looking for new market opportunities for its gas. The South Stream plan has been replaced by the Turkish Stream project, and Russia is also developing gas projects with China. The short-term question for the EU should not be how to break energy bonds with Russia, but how to contain the damage caused by the current Russian strategy.
EN
As a result of Russian intervention on the Crimean Peninsula in February and March 2014, this area has been brought into the Russian Federation. The EU in response, at an extraordinary summit on the sixth of March, decided to suspend the decade-long visa dialogue with Russia. An amendment to the agreement on visa facilitation was frozen, as well as talks suspended on the abolition of visas. Within a few days, the matter in Crimea shattered the hard-fought prospects for a compromise between Russia and the EU for facilitating border crossing rules, including the target of the abolition of visas. The Polish experience with local border traffic (LBT) may serve as an example for other EU countries interested in signing a similar agreement with neighbouring Russian areas. It is worth now supporting practical solutions that would facilitate contacts between the inhabitants of Kaliningrad and EU countries, including Poland.
PL
W dobie światowego spowolnienia gospodarczego oraz europejskiego kryzysu zadłużeniowego coraz częściej pada pytanie o sens polityki klimatycznej UE. Wprowadzanie bowiem przez Unię istotnych ograniczeń na wykorzystanie paliw kopalnych oraz emisję CO2 wyraźnie wpływa na rozwój przemysłu. Polska, która od dawna opowiada się za bardziej realistycznymi celami redukcyjnymi, ma teraz szansę istotnie wpłynąć na debatę wewnątrz UE w tej kwestii. W artykule przedstawiono główne argumenty na rzecz zrównoważonego stanowiska wobec dyskutowanej obecnie polityki klimatyczno-energetycznej UE po 2020 r.
EN
In the era of the global economic slowdown and the European financial crisis, the sense of the EU climate policy has been questioned increasingly. New restrictions on the use of fossil fuels and carbon emissions, introduced by the EU, heavily affect the development of the European industry. Poland, which has long been advocating more realistic reduction targets, now has a chance to significantly influence the debate within the EU on this issue. The article presents main arguments in favour of a well-balanced approach towards the EU climate and energy policy after 2020.
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