The proposed concept of social anchoring contained in this article allows issues of immigrant identity, adaptation, and integration to be combined. It allows limitations to the idea of integration and the subjective defining of identity to be overcome, and it also includes the socio-psychological resources that an individual can use to adapt to a changed social reality. The author begins by considering the meaning of identity for the analysis of contemporary society and the reasons for the problematic nature of the idea; she presents the colloquial and metaphoric uses of the concept of anchoring. She then proposes that anchoring should provisionally be defined as an individual’s search for essential points of reference and support that will allow him or her to achieve a relative socio-psychological stability in the environment. She points out various types of anchors: from legal-institutional (for instance, citizenship) and economic (for instance, material resources), through ties to a specific place (for instance, the place where one was born), to personal anchors (such as physical characteristics, physical practices, individual traits, and values), cultural aspects (for instance, language), and-most importantly from the sociological viewpoint-social anchors (contained in relations with friends and family). Although the proposed concept of social anchoring has emerged mainly from studies concerning the adaptation and integration of migrants, it should have application to more general sociological analyses.
This article presents a review and analysis of the new sociological theories of migration and integration that have developed since the 1990s, including transnationalism, liquid migration and incomplete migration, as well as new concepts of multiculturalism, assimilation, integration and adaptation to transnational spaces. The paper postulates and justifies the need for better integration of migration studies with more general sociological theory. On the one hand, migration studies should be more embedded in general sociological theory. On the other hand, the achievements of migration studies should be employed by sociologists to a greater degree. This seems to be particularly advisable in the context of the emergence of the new metaparadigm of mobility, as opposed to settlement. As a result, the role of migration as a key research problem and theories pertaining to an emerging mobile society is increasing.
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