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EN
The work describes 143 names of the fishing depths and places collected in the years 1982 and 1983 near Szczytno: in Wałpusz, Starokiejkuckie, Marksoby, Łęsk, Łęczek, Sasek Wielki, Sasek Mały, Sędańsk, Szczycionek and Lake Fręckie. All the names were created after the year 1945, they all are topographical, localize objects in space and describe their characteristics. In the view of structural and grammatical constructions, prepositional expressions constitute the dominating structure applied in the case of fishing depths.
EN
The article relates to male names of the subjects in the grounds of the Camaldolese monks from the Lake Wigry area.. The names originate from the manuscript called Inwentarz Ogólny Dóbr Funduszowych Klasztoru Wygerskiego Xięży Kamaldulow przed Generalną Komissyą J.K.Mśi y Rzeczpospolitej sporządzony. Roku 1745. The subjects of the Camaldolese monastery had primarily Christian names. Among Slavic names it is possible to mention only the most popular ones that refer to Roman Catholic Church Saints such as: Stanisław and Wojciech, and names (1971 M. Malec. Budowa morfologiczna staropolskich złożonych imion osobowych Stanisława Zbijowska,Janina Zbinowska, Wrocław.) given in royal families: Kazmierz and Bolesław. However, there is an exception of a Slavic name written in a shortened form Chwaluk, derived by the suffix –uk from the names of the type of Chwalisław. There are 69 male names mentioned in the document. The most popular ones are: Jan, Andrzej, Michał, Maciej, Szymon/Siemion, Chwiodor, Jakub,Paweł, Stefan, Marcin, Bazyli / Wasyl, Grzegorz / Hryhor, Franciszek, Józef, Aleksiej/Oleksiej,Mateusz and Wojciech.
PL
W felietonach Seweryna Pieniężnego „Kuba spod Wartemborka gada” zachowane w dialekcie warmińskim dawne końcówki liczby podwójnej czasowników zostały wykorzystane do stylizacji gwarowej. Końcówki 1. osoby –va, 2. osoby -ta służyły do tworzenia form liczby mnogiej czasu teraźniejszego, trybu rozkazującego i czasu przyszłego, a końcówki 1. osoby –śwa / -swa i 2. osoby i -śta /-šta do tworzenia form czasu przeszłego, morfemy 1. osoby -byśwa i 2. osoby –byśta / -byšta do tworzenia form trybu warunkowego. Stylizacja tekstów na gwarę warmińską była uwarunkowana osobą bohatera i gatunkiem tekstu. Bohaterem felietonów był pracujący na roli warmiński chłop, który pisał listy do gazety, ale pisał gwarą tak jak mówił, ponieważ nie znał polskiego języka literackiego.
EN
The language of Seweryn Pieniężny’s columns “Kuba spod Wartemborka gada” preserves old inflectional endings of the dual number of Warmian dialect, which were used for dialect stylization of the texts. The first person –va and the second person –ta formed the plural in the present tense, the imperative mood and the future tense, while the first person śwa / -swa and the second person –byśta / -byšta were used to form the potential mood. The Warmian dialect stylization of the texts was motivated by the main character and the genre of the text. The main character was a peasant from Warmia, who wrote letters to papers but he wrote as he spoke, in the dialect, as he didn’t speak literary, standard Polish.
PL
Analiza nazw wodnych obiektów leżących na terenie Polski północno-wschodniej sprawia wiele problemów. W ich analizie etymologicznej ważna jest lokalizacja, ukształtowanie terenu i konieczność interpretacji hydronimów w ich lokalnym kontekście onimicznym. Ważne w ustalaniu etymologii są zapisy nazw, zebrane z dokumentów historycznych oraz wiedza na temat stosunków osadniczych panujących na danym terenie. Pomocne w analizie strukturalno-typologicznej jest powiązanie nazwy ze słownictwem apelatywnym i kontekstem proprialnym. Tylko kompleksowe opracowanie wszystkich hydronimów i ich wariantów umożliwi dalsze prace porównawcze i pozwoli na ich wykorzystanie do szerszych analiz językoznawczych.
EN
There are many research problems in an analysis of the names of water bodies lying on the territory of north-eastern Poland. The important factors in their etymological analysis are: their location, shape of the terrain and the interpretation of the hydronisms in their local onimic context. Determining the etymology of a hydronym crucially depends on records in historical documents and the knowledge of settlement relations in a given area. In order to make a structural and typological analysis it is helpful to link nomina propria with nomina appellativa and onymic context. Only a thorough study of all hydronyms and their variants will allow for further comparative work and its application in broader linguistic analyses.
EN
In addition to theoretical linguistics, psychology, pedagogy and medicine speech therapy training involves practical speech sounds recognition skills. Elementary handbooks in dialects can make a useful teaching aid in training auditory identification of speech phones. The Elementary Handbook of Warmia dialect, Elementarz gwary warmińskiej, is well suited for this purpose. It contains written texts and CD recordings, providing patterns of higher pronunciation of open-mid and open vowels: á, é, ó, or modern variants of old nasal vowels and also consonants: m’, p’, b’, v’ f’.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono argumenty księdza Walentego Barczewskiego (1856–1928) świadczące o polskości Warmii, która od pokoju toruńskiego 1446 r. aż do pierwszego rozbioru Polski w 1772 r. była częścią Królestwa Polskiego. Warmia w wyniku rozbiorów Polski została włączona do Niemiec. Podstawą artykułu jest utwór Kiermasy na Warmii napisany przez W. Barczewskiego, wydany po raz pierwszy w 1883 r. pod tytułem O kiermasach na polskiej Warmii. Analizowany w artykule materiał został wypisany z utworu Barczewskiego Kiermasy na Warmii wydanego w 1984 r. oraz z wydania z 1923 r. Poszukując w utworze Barczewskiego dowodów świadczących o polskości Warmii, zwrócono uwagę na wypowiedzenia i wyrażenia zawierające formy gramatyczne leksemów: Polska, polski, polszczyć, polszczyzna, polskość, polsko-wiarmijski, po polsku, polskie nazwy miejscowe i osobowe. Z tekstu wypisano zdania zawierające te leksemy i podzielono ze względu na zawartą w nich tematykę. Pozwoliło to wyodrębnić takie argumenty świadczące o polskości, jak: związki historyczne i osadnicze z Polską, właściwe Polakom przywiązanie do religii katolickiej, zachowanie polskiej gwary, gościnność mieszkańców i polskie obyczaje kulturowe zakodowane w języku. W drugiej połowie XIX w. nasiliły się na terenie południowej Warmii antagonizmy narodowościowe, a jednocześnie zaczęło kształtować się poczucie odrębności polskich mieszkańców Warmii od katolickiej ludności niemieckiej i Mazurów. Znalazło to wyraz w utworze Barczewskiego.
EN
Ninety four local names from Warmia and Mazury are described in this article. All of them were created with use of animal names. They were created throughout the ages by Old Prussians, Germans and Poles who lived in the region. The names have been divided into three groups. The first one contains lost names, used during the interwar period. The second group contains names used during the interwar period and accounted for during terrain exploration in the end of the 20th century and in the beginning of the 21st century. The third group contains names used by the people who migrated to the region after the year 1945, not accounted for before that time. On the basis of the used names it can be said that the region was inhabited by forest animals such as: beavers, badgers, wild boars, deer, hedgehogs, moles, foxes, moose, mice, bears, lynxes, aurochs, wolves, hares and domesticated animals such as: bulls, mares, horses, cats, goats, cows, sheep, pigs and oxen. The Old Prussian names account for aurochs and foxes. German and Polish names used after the year 1945 account for: foxes, badgers, wolves, bears, deer, beaver, cats, goats, oxen, hares and cows, horses, sheep and pigs. Microtoponyms used nowadays contain animal motives such as: beaver, badger, bull, wild boar, deer, hedgehog, mare, horse, cat, goat, cow, fox, moose, mouse. All analyzed names are the testimony of the past language and culture of the inhabitants of the region. They are the evidence of the bond formed by the man and environment.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono cechy fonetyczne gwary mazurskiej zachowane w wierszach pisarzy ludowych. Materiał badawczy ograniczono do wydanej przez Zbigniewa Chojnowskiego Antologii mazurskiej… i zbioru wierszy Michała Kajki wydanych w 1954 r. Utwory wierszowane pisane przez twórców ludowych były poprawiane przez wydawców i redaktorów zgodnie z przyjętymi wzorcami, ale ślady najbardziej wyrazistych fonetycznych cech gwarowych zostały w nich zachowane.
EN
The article presents the phonetic features of Mazurian dialect preserved in the poems of folk writers. The research material was limited to Zbigniew Chojnowski’s Mazury Anthology… and the collection of poems by Michał Kajka published in 1954. The poems written by folk artists were corrected by publishers and editors in accordance with accepted patterns but traces of the most expressive phonetic hallmarks, have been preserved in them.
EN
The article presents personal nouns from poems written by the Masurians in the second half of the nineteenth century and separates derived and underived nouns. The derived names of people (deverbative and denominative mutant derivatives as well as denominatives modificational derivatives) are grouped accordingly to the type of derivation. Suffixal and paradigmatic derivatives are also separated.
EN
This article discusses East Slavic male names that were found in a document dated 1668. These names were recorded both in their primary forms and as derivatives. The majority of registered derivatives were created by means of the suffixes: -uk and -ko. Iwan was the most popular name of the East Slavs, but names such as Wasiel, Wasil, Wasko, Danilo, Danielo, Fiedor, Chwidor, Chwiedor, Denis, Danis and Siemion were also frequently used.
EN
The paper presents the names of 44 objects from the territory of Warmia and Mazury related etymologically to the German “Mühle” or Polish “młyn” and its derivatives as well as the Polish “wiatrak”. The analysis discussed names of 18 ponds, 9 lakes and 17 terrain objects.
EN
This work shows the profile of Professor Kazimierz Nitsch – the distinguished Polish linguist and recalls his achievements in dialectology and his written works. The text has been shown as a media presentation during the research session entitled “Professor Kazimierz Nitsch – the researcher of East Prussian dialects”.
EN
This works elaborates on the names of 46 objects, etymologically connected with the Polish lexeme młyn (mill) and German Mühle. Those include 24 Polish names and 43 German names. Most of them were created in the second half of the 19th century and in the first four decades of the 20th century. The water names which are etymologically connected with the Polish name mill are less differentiated. 8 names were repeated: Młyńska Struga, 4 times – Młyński Rów, 3 times Młynówka. German names that include the lexeme Mühle are typically composed -Mühlenfliess – Mühlen Fliess, Mühlenbach – Mühlen Bach, Mühlengraben – Mühlen Graben and Mühlen Kanal, in which the part Mühle was enlarged by names: Fliess, Bach, Graben, Kanal. Among them 15 objects had the name: Mühlenfliess / Mühlen Fliess, 8 objects: Mühlengraben / Mühlen Graben and 2 objects: Mühlenbach / Mühlen Bach. Polish and German names in the territory were also enlarged by names of localities for example the name of the village situated nearby the water stream or the mill built upon its bank.
EN
The vocabulary item płatek appeared in the poem by Masurian folk author Jan Domasz O teraźniejszych modach. It can be assumed from the context that it was used as a noun that can be defined as ‘a piece of cloth worn around the head or neck – a scarf or a bandana’. The other word that was used to describe a piece of clothing protecting the head was myca. The item płatek was a diminutive of płat. Both mentioned words have many meanings in the Polish language as well as in other Slavic languages. The primary meaning of the word was ‘a piece of cloth’ that led to the creation of the word płatek and the word płacić (to pay) as cloth was used by the Slavic people as the currency.
XX
The article presents grammatical construction of field names used in everyday language of the inhabitants of Kolno municipality. All the collected names belong to two structural models. The first model is formed by singular and plural toponyms, the second model is formed by two- -part names and prepositional names. In the microtoponyms there is a tendency to form name variations.
EN
The article presents a grammatical construction of field names used in everyday language of the inhabitants of the Kolno municipality. All the collected names belong to two structural models. The first one is formed by singular and plural toponyms, the second one is formed by two-part names and prepositional names. In microtoponyms there is a tendency to form name variations.
EN
The surname Wałkuski is ambiguous. Its formal structure theoretically allows for the division Wałk-uski. Yet, this interpretation provokes some objections as the suffix -uski is a compound, the suffix –us / -uś / -usz is a linking and creates hipocoristic and diminutive forms, and the suffix -ski, creates (?) according to the model surnames pointing to places. The surname Wałkuski could have been created by the suffix -ski like surnames based on the names of places from a personal name Walkusz derived by the sufix -usz from Walek (Walenty) with a change of l to ł. Functions of the suffix –ski allow to link the etymology of the surname Wałkuski with Pomeranian territorial names such as Wołkusz, in the districts of Augustow and Sokolka, in Podlachia (Podlasie). The Pomeranian territorial names are etymologically linked to the personal name Walkusz, as hipocoristic from the name Walek – Walenty. The Pomeranian territorial names of the town Wołkusz may be etymologically lined to the personal name Wołkusz derived from the name Wołk as **vGkь, pol. wilk, east slov. wołk. Linking the name Wałkuski with the place names Walkusz or Wołkusz, assumes that the family of Wałkuscy (the Walkuski family) came to Mazovia (Mazowsze) and Łomża from Pomerania (Pomorze) or Podlachia (Podlasie).
PL
W felietonach Seweryna Pieniężnego „Kuba spod Wartemborka gada” zachowane w dialekcie warmińskim dawne końcówki liczby podwójnej czasowników zostały wykorzystane do stylizacji gwarowej. Końcówki 1. osoby –va, 2. osoby -ta służyły do tworzenia form liczby mnogiej czasu teraźniejszego, trybu rozkazującego i czasu przyszłego, a końcówki 1. osoby –śwa / -swa i 2. osoby i -śta /-šta do tworzenia form czasu przeszłego, morfemy 1. osoby -byśwa i 2. osoby –byśta / -byšta do tworzenia form trybu warunkowego. Stylizacja tekstów na gwarę warmińską była uwarunkowana osobą bohatera i gatunkiem tekstu. Bohaterem felietonów był pracujący na roli warmiński chłop, który pisał listy do gazety, ale pisał gwarą tak jak mówił, ponieważ nie znał polskiego języka literackiego.
EN
The language of Seweryn Pieniężny’s columns “Kuba spod Wartemborka gada” preserves old inflectional endings of the dual number of Warmian dialect, which were used for dialect stylization of the texts. The first person –va and the second person –ta formed the plural in the present tense, the imperative mood and the future tense, while the first person śwa / -swa and the second person –byśta / -byšta were used to form the potential mood. The Warmian dialect stylization of the texts was motivated by the main character and the genre of the text. The main character was a peasant from Warmia, who wrote letters to papers but he wrote as he spoke, in the dialect, as he didn’t speak literary, standard Polish
EN
The word pęcełek has been appearing in the Warmian dialect and its meaning signifies: bundle, a sac full of diverse things. This word does not appear in Polish dictionnaries. Its occurence in Warmia may be due to the fact that the Prussians used the word panto – „bonds, fetters”, lit. pántis. The word may also be joined with scs. pąto, ros. puto and pol. pęta.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba analizy etymologicznej wybranych nazw wodnych, przede wszystkim rzecznych, powiązanych etymologicznie z praindoeuropejskim rdzeniem *h2engh-/*h2gh- ‘krzywić, kręcić, wić się’ wraz z podobnymi fonetycznie i semantycznie innymi rdzeniami, które zostały utrwalone w apelatywach i nazwach rzek na obszarze germańskim, bałtyckim i słowiańskim. Mogły one powstawać w okresie przemieszczania się słabo jeszcze zróżnicowanych językowo praindoeuropejskich grup etnicznych. Przedstawiono najbardziej prawdopodobne etymologie nazw rzek takich jak: Angerbach, Angelbach, Unkenbach, Węgorapa, Wągra, Wiar itp. na szerszym tle apelatywnym i proprialnym. Wykazano, że w sferze apelatywnej rdzeń *h2engh- i rdzenie podobne, np. *h2enk- ‘krzywy, wygięty’, *eng- ‘unikać, omijać, uchylać się, wykręcać się’ znajdują poświadczenia także w wyrazach pospolitych na terenach, gdzie używano języków słowiańskich, bałtyckich i germańskich, a także w grece i innych językach indoeuropejskich. W artykule przyjęto metodologie wypracowane w ramach strukturalizmu, wychodząc z założeń przyjętych na gruncie niemieckim, że stare nazwy wodne nie należą do żadnego ze współczesnych języków indoeuropejskich, zostały utworzone przed rozwojem historycznych języków poświadczonych na danym obszarze w pierwszym tysiącleciu n.e.
EN
The article attempts to perform an etymological analysis of selected water names, mainly river names, etymologically related to the pre-Indo-European core *h2engh- /*h2gh- ‘curl, twist, wind’ and with other phonetically and semantically similar cores, e.g. *h2enk ‘to turn around, wind, bend’, *eng- ‘bypass’ etc. They were recorded in appellatives and river names in the Germanic, Baltic and Slavic territories. They could have been formed during the period of the movement of pre-Indo-European ethnic groups which were poorly linguistically differentiated. The article presents the most probable etymologies of the names of rivers such as: Angerbach, Angelbach, Unkenbach, Węgorapa, Wągra, Wiar etc. against a broader appellative and proprial background. It has been determined that in the appellative sphere, the core *h2engh- and similar cores, e.g. *h2enk- ‘crooked, bent’, *eng- ‘avoid, bypass, evade, twist’ are also found in common words in the areas were not only Slavic, Baltic and Germanic, but also Greek and other Indo-European languages were used. This article adopts methodologies developed within structuralism, based on the assumptions adopted in Germany that the old water names do not belong to any of the modern Indo-European languages and were created before the development of historical languages found in a given area in the first millennium AD.
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