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Gender and entrepreneurship amongst refugee women entrepreneurs in Glasgow, Scotland

100%
Bikorimana C., Nziku D. M.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
|
2023
|
vol. 127
99-139
PL
Przedmiot badań: Badania nad przedsiębiorczością pokazują, że pomimo znacznych postępów poczynionych przez kobiety-przedsiębiorców jest mało prawdopodobne, aby przepaść między płciami w przedsiębiorczości została zlikwidowana. Jest to nadal obserwowane zarówno w krajach rozwiniętych, jak i rozwijających się, ponieważ wiele firm kierowanych przez kobiety nadal ma niższe średnie wyniki biznesowe niż firm należących do mężczyzn. Niniejsze badanie dotyczy wpływu płci i przedsiębiorczości wśród uchodźczyń-przedsiębiorców w Glasgow. Cel badawczy: Celem tego badania jest dogłębne zrozumienie, w jaki sposób płeć i przedsiębiorczość wpływają na motywację uchodźczyń-przedsiębiorców. Aby osiągnąć ten cel, opracowano trzy cele: (1) Zrozumienie czynników motywacyjnych, które sprawiają, że uchodźczynie stają się przedsiębiorcami; (2) Identyfikacja kluczowych wyzwań, przed którymi stają uchodźczynie- -przedsiębiorcy przy zakładaniu własnych firm; (3) Przedstawienie zaleceń dotyczących polityki mającej na celu pomoc uchodźcom w rozwijaniu ich działalności przedsiębiorczej. Metoda badawcza: Badanie jakościowe przeprowadzono na podstawie częściowo ustrukturyzowanych bezpośrednich wywiadów z dziesięcioma rozmówcami, z udziałem sześciu uchodźczyń- -przedsiębiorców i czterech głównych agencji. Do rekrutacji czterech uczestników zastosowano dobór celowy, podczas gdy dwóch kolejnych rekrutowano metodą „kuli śnieżnej”. Wszystkie wywiady zostały nagrane, transkrybowane i przeanalizowane za pomocą oprogramowania Nvivo. Wyniki: Wyniki tego badania ujawniły, że kobiety będące uchodźcami były motywowane zarówno przez czynniki wypychające, jak i przyciągające. Kone, Ruiz, Vargas-Silva (2019) podobnie wskazują, że przedsiębiorcy będący uchodźcami mają większą skłonność do zakładania własnych firm ze względu na pozytywne czynniki, takie jak większa ambicja przedsiębiorcza, ale także z powodu czynników negatywnych, takich jak brak możliwości zatrudnienia rynku z powodu dyskryminacji. Jako główną barierę, z którą borykają się wszyscy respondenci, wskazano finanse, co dotyczy wszystkich przedsiębiorców. Jednak uchodźczynie-przedsiębiorcy doświadczyły innych poważnych problemów, takich jak brak dostępu do rynku, brak umiejętności zarządzania, słabe sieci społeczne i brak wsparcia ze strony rodziny.
EN
Background: Entrepreneurship studies reveal that despite significant progress made by women entrepreneurs, the gender gap in entrepreneurship is unlikely to be closed. It continues to be observed in both developed and developing countries, as many women-led businesses still face lower average business outcomes than male-owned businesses. This study investigates the impact of gender and entrepreneurship amongst refugee women entrepreneurs in Glasgow. Research purpose: The aim of this study is to deeply understand how gender and entrepreneurship affect the motivation of refugee women entrepreneurs. To achieve this aim, three objectives were developed: (1) To understand the motivational factors that make refugee women become entrepreneurs. (2) To identify the key challenges faced by refugee women entrepreneurs in establishing their own businesses. (3) To provide recommendations for policy aimed at helping refugee women develop their entrepreneurial activities. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted based on semi-structured face-to-face interviews with ten interviewees, involving six refugee women entrepreneurs and four mainstream agencies. Purposive sampling was employed in recruiting four participants, while two more were recruited through ‘snowball’ sampling. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using the Nvivo software. 1 Conclusions: The findings of this study revealed that refugee women entrepreneurs were motivated by both push and pull factors. Similar findings by Kone, Ruiz, Vargas-Silva (2019) indicated that refugee entrepreneurs have a greater tendency to start their own businesses due to positive factors such as greater entrepreneurial ambition, but also because of negative factors, such as lacking opportunities in the labour market due to discrimination. Finance was cited as the major barrier faced by all respondents, a situation which is shared by all entrepreneurs. However, refugee women entrepreneurs experienced other acute problems, such as a lack of access to the market, a lack of management skills, poor social networks, and a lack of family support.
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Security challenges on business and economy: „Entrepreneurship in a fragile state of Burundi”

100%
Bikorimana C., Nziku D. M.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
|
2024
|
vol. 133
119-153
EN
Background: Burundi is a country which has been deeply affected by political instability, and low-intensity conflict causing a lack of jobs, slowing economic recovery, and poverty reduction with entrepreneurship playing a vital role in most Burundian entrepreneurs’ survival (IFC, 2022; Nintunze, Bigirimana, 2021). Nkurunziza (2022) argues that state fragility in Burundi is caused by poor strategies and policies of its political leaders, who are motivated by personal interests, such as state rent extraction which maintains a lack of security. Nziku and Bikorimana (2024) comment on poor policies and strategies that are gender blind and not fit for the purpose and lack support. The purpose of this study is to critically investigate the impact of security challenges on entrepreneurship in the fragile state of Burundi. To achieve this aim, researchers have designed three research objectives: a) to examine how the security challenges affect entrepreneurship in this fragile country post-conflict; b) to explore the strategies employed by entrepreneurs to start and grow their ventures; c) to provide key recommendations for policymakers to enhance peace, security, and good governance. Such actions can help to achieve stability and peacebuilding for all Burundians. The originality of this study lies in the investigation of security challenges faced by Burundian entrepreneurs due to state fragility. State fragilities are perceived as major barriers to entrepreneurship development because they add additional constraints and restrict the growth of ventures and entrepreneurs reaching their full potential. Research purpose: A qualitative study was conducted in Burundi using institutional theory (North, 1990 and Scott, 2003) with empirical data from semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with 20 respondents including 2 stakeholders. The interviews were conducted in two cities, Bujumbura capital and Cibitoke Province, less developed compared to other Provinces of Burundi. The study used a purposive sampling method to recruit 15 respondents (Ilker et al., 2016) and 5 interviewees using the snowball method (Saunders et al., 2016). The interviews were conducted in Kirundi (the national language of Burundi), audio-recorded, translated to English then transcribed using a Word document. A six-step thematic framework for data analysis was used in data analysis (Braun, Clarke, 2017). Findings and discussions: The findings of this study revealed that many Burundian entrepreneurs are affected by the lack of security, weak business environment and slow economic growth, lack of durable peace, poor governance, and lack of institution support. Addition challenges were linked to lack of finance, poor infrastructure, poverty, poor market penetration and lack of management and technical skills. Behind those challenges, many women, and young entrepreneurs face challenges due to lack of access to property ownership, and jobs to enter entrepreneurship. Other barriers faced by women in Burundi were related to gender inequality, violence, lack of education, low market, lack of suppliers, and lack of business support (Nintunze, Bigirimana, 2021). The result of this study found that Burundian entrepreneurs used different strategies to survive while trading in fragile states post-conflict and building resilience. Recommendations for peace dialogue to resolve conflicts, maintain peace, build social cohesion and better communication between different members of society. Researchers in this study recommend Burundian government focus on reforming its institutions, building, and restoring infrastructures, reinforcing regulation, providing better access to finance, developing human capital and markets as well and tackling corruption. The novelty of this study lies in the contributions to the literature related to security challenges for Burundi, a country which remains under-researched.
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