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PL
Szczególnym zainteresowaniem autora jest kwestia obywatelstwa, jako warunku ograniczającego dostęp do służby cywilnej. Fakt przystąpienia Polski do Unii Europejskiej spowodował związanie Polski normami wspólnotowymi, które z racji zasady pierwszeństwa prawa wspólnotowego mają pozycję uprzywilejowaną w stosunku do norm krajowych. Jednym z fundamentów wewnętrznego unijnego rynku wspólnego jest swoboda przepływu osób. Swoboda ta, na gruncie przepisów doznaje ograniczenia, w stosunku do zatrudnienia w administracji publicznej. Zważyć jednak trzeba, że zgodnie z ugruntowanym orzecznictwem w tym przedmiocie, zatrudnienie w administracji publicznej należy rozumieć w sposób wąski tj. wykonywanie władzy publicznej i funkcji mających na celu ochronę generalnych interesów państwa. W tym zakresie ustawodawca krajowy ma prawo ograniczyć dostęp do zatrudnienia w administracji publicznej wyłącznie do swoich obywateli.
EN
The major interest of the article’s author is the issue of citizenship as a condition limiting access to civil service. Joining the European Union by Poland has resulted in a fact that Poland has been bound by Community regulations, which, because of the principle of primacy of Community law, have a privileged position over national regulations. One of the bedrocks of the internal common market is the free movement of people. The freedom in regulations has been limited with regards to the employment in public administration. However, it must be noted that, according to the well-founded judicature in this area, employment in public administration should be highly defined, that is as execution of public powerand functions aimed at the protection of general interests of the state. In this area, the national legislator has a right to limit the access to employment in public administration to its own citizens only.
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EN
In the article we can submit a proposition, that key influence on nature and range of financial participation exert fiscal and legal frames set up by central authorities, what can be confirmed by results of sectional and national research of financial participation carried out from 1990. What should be underlined, that it is not only a matter of regulation of status of participation programs in labor law and tax system, but it is also connected with company law, capital market, issue of stocks, admittance of financial tools to public turnover, with accountancy rules etc. For example, thanks to legal regulations of relating issue and of purchase of stock by companies, in Germany in 1998 the limitations relating to use option on purchase of stock were suppressed one did away (one put to death) what permitted to German companies to use this tool in financing of firms’ growth, in spite of a lack of legislative initiatives and tax encouragements. In Italy, the reforms of corporative governments (e.g. greater protection of smaller investors), became the key factor in further development of financial participation based on share-based financial participation. 25
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