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EN
The article deals with the problem of presenting the experience of living in a totalitarian or socialist state, based on the novels by three authors who write in a language other than the mother tongue: coming from Slovakia Irena Brežná and the Czech Republik Libuše Moníková whose work was written in German, and living in Canada and writing in English Eva Stachniak. The analysis was made by means of the novels Verklachte Nacht by Moníková, Die beste aller Welten, Roman by Brežná and Necessary Lies by Stachniak. In their works, the authors take a variety of stategies to provide information about life behind the iron curtain, from the purely journalistic information, information woven into the story, to the stream of consciousness, showing how propaganda shapes thinking.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę przedstawiania doświadczeń życia w totalitarnym bądź socjalistycznym państwie na podstawie powieści trzech autorek piszących w języku innym, niż rodzimy: pochodzącej ze Słowacji Ireny Brežnej i z Czech Libušy Moníkovej, których twórczość powstała po niemiecku, oraz mieszkającej w Kanadzie i piszącej po angielsku Ewy Stachniak. Analizie zostały poddane powieści: Verklachte Nacht Moníkovej, Die beste aller Welten, Roman Brežnej i Necessary Lies Stachniak. W swoich utworach autorki podejmują różne strategie przekazywania informacji o życiu za żelazną kurtyną: od stricte publicystycznej przez informacyjną, wplecioną w fabułę, po strumień świadomości, ukazujący, w jaki sposób propaganda kształtuje myślenie.
EN
The article is an attempt to re-interpret Knížka s červeným obalem by Alexandra Berková which is shown as a text having very strong connotations with works of European literature. The author of the article  indicates many intertextual references that can be found in the Berkova’s text both on the intertexual, as well as hypertextual level (according to Gérarde Genetta’s thypology), which relate to the output of writers such as primarily James Joyce, but also Bohumil Hrabal, Josef Škvorecký or Giacomo Boccacio. Despite previous classification of Knížka s červeným obalem as a short stories cycle, the author proves that the text is a novel that reflects the scheme of a Bildungsroman and a metaphorical picture of women’s experiences, women who live through each stage of their lives and at the same time search for the possibility of expressing themselves in the text of culture. The article discusses also the issue of écriture feminine and the question whether Berkova’s text can be classified as “women’s writing”.
EN
The article focuses on a role of recipient in creating world depicted by authors writing in different conditions: as a domicile writer and as a writer in exile. As an example three novels were used: Báječná léta pod psa (1992) by Michal Viewegh, Ledová tříšť (Treibeis, 1992) and Zjasněná noc (Verklärte Nacht, 1997) by Libuše Moníková. Pascale Casanova’s methodology of dividing literatures and languages into two groups: „weak” and „strong” or „small” and „large” was applied. Author’s different circumstances lead to different styles of composition  of literary text: a domicile author is more intimate with their readers, uses mental leaps, irony and metaphors whereas an author in exile has to explain everything about their homeland, which results in comprehensive nearly essay-like passages of text. Reflections lead to a conclusion that writing is an act of patriotism for Moníková, who wants to familiarise her readers with the history of her motherland. On the other hand Vieweg’s writing is an act of self-expression.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy roli odbiorcy w kreowaniu świata przedstawionego przez pisarzy w dwóch odmiennych sytuacjach: pisarza krajowego oraz emigracyjnego. Jako przykład posłużyły trzy powieści: krajowa Báječná léta pod psa (1992) Michala Viewegha  oraz emigracyjne Ledová tříšť (Treibeis, 1992) i Zjasněná noc (Verklärte Nacht, 1997) Libušy Moníkovej. Podczas analizy zastosowano metodologię Pascale Cassanovy, dzielącą literatury na dwie grupy: literatury „słabe” i „mocne” lub, stosowane zamiennie, „młe” i  „duże”. Okoliczności, w których tworzy autor, determinują środki wyrazu, jakich używa: pisarz krajowy jest w bardziej osobistym kontakcie z czytelnikiem, używa skrótów myślowych, ironii czy metafor, natomiast pisarz emigracyjny jest zmuszony do wyjaśniania szczegółów dotyczącyh ich ojczyzny, co skutkuje stosowaniem w tekście niemal eseistycznych pasaży.  Rozważania te doprowadziły do konkluzji, że dla Moníkovej pisanie jest aktem patriotyzmu, poprzez który pragnie zapoznać swych niemieckojęzycznych czytelników z historią swojej ojczyzny, dla Viewegha zaś pisanie jest aktem ekspresji. 
EN
Writings of Jan Křesadlo, a Czech writer in exile after 1968, can be read as a postmodern literature as well as texts with influence of the Enlightenment writers, e.g. Voltaire, Laurence Sterne and Jonathan Swift. Křesadlo used to use literature as a means of his private revenge. In the novel Rusticalia he deconstructs a realistic novel by using detailed descriptions of copulation which fills in a real picture of life. Another text, Skrytý život Cypriána Belvy is a polemic with critics that describe author’s writings as pornography. The heaviest attacks are aimed at Milan Kundera who is a hero of his texts Kravex5 aneb potíže stavu beztíže and Obětina. Křesadlo’s writing can be read as a polemic with his enemies and as a moralistic allegory as well.
EN
The paper deals with the phenomenon of dystopia in Czech literature before 1989. The main aim of the article is to present some similiar views on totalitarian power and its influence on the individual in Czech novels and short stories: Datum narození nula by Ludmila Freiová, Poselství pro Agla Mathona by Ondřej Neff, Utopie, nejlepší verze by Ivan Kmínek and Maso by Martin Harníček. The purpose of the paper was also to show how in the authors’ visions of autocratic states, administration is taking control over ordinary people and what kind of tools it uses to manipulate them: terror, self-censorship or various addictions.
Studia Slavica
|
2013
|
vol. 17
|
issue 2
111-122
EN
The article is devoted to three writers who changed the language of their prose after leaving their homeland Milan Kundera, Jan Novák i Libuše Moníková. The change of language is a kind of cultural conversion what entails numerous consequentions, causes „being between” two cultures. Reasons of choosing the second language for their work were different in every case and ecery author decided to use different strategy in relation to their native culture and the „new” one: in the case of Kundera we can speak of „being somwhere else”, in the case of Novák it could be named as „nostalgy” and in the case of Moníková her strategy can be called „mission”.
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EN
This is an analysis of the special situation in communication, which faced writers who published their works in exile publishing houses and samizdat. In keeping with contemporary literary anthropology, the author starts from the assumption that a literary text becomes literature in the process of communication. In other words, the author and the reader of his or her texts are to some extent prerequisites for the emergence of literature. In the absence of the reader, the writer was forced to come up with a strategy for survival and for the preservation of his or her individuality. On the basis of the works of Ivan Binar (b. 1942), Václav Černý (1905–1987), Sylvie Richterová (b. 1945), Ludvík Vaculík (b. 1926), and Bohumil Hrabal (1914–1997), the author demonstrates various forms of the thematization of the implied author, which became not only a means of expression that was meant to enliven the narrative or inveigle the reader in behind the scenes of the writing process, but also had the role of emphasizing the existence of the author as a human being who writes. In the difficult circumstances of their lives, writers in this period thus not only preserved their own individuality but also continuously constructed it.
PL
W artykule zostanie rozpatrzona kwestia bigamii Jaroslava Haška z dwóch perspektyw – biograficznej i prawnej. W niemal każdej biografii pisarza pojawiają się wzmianki o podwójnym ożenku pisarza, jednak często są zbywane tylko kilkoma słowami wyjaśnienia. W opinii autorki po niemal stuleciu od śmierci Haška przypadek jego bigamii wymaga dokładniejszej interpretacji.
EN
In this article, Jaroslav Hašek’s bigamy will be discussed from two points of view – the biographical and legal ones. In almost every writer’s biography, the fact of his marrying two women is mentioned, but it is also quickly dismissed with only a few words of explanation. In the author’s opinion, after almost a hundred years following Hašek’s death, the case of his bigamy deserves proper interpretation.
EN
The paper’s topic is presence or absence of austronostalgy in subjective sayings. Essays by the Czech author Lubomír Martínek and memories of representatives of 13 three-generations average Czech families are the source material. The authors’ reflections concentrate on lack of austronostalgy in these subjective testimonies and the reason for this absence. One of them leads to Cathrin Horel theory that well-developed countries which did not owe their progress to the Habsburg monarchy forgot common past very quickly. The second one concerns Czech revival discourse in the 19th century with the main goal to became independent from Austro-Hungarian Empire.  
PL
Głównym tematem artykułu jest obecność lub brak austronostalgii w wypowiedziach subiektywnych. Materiałem źródłowym są eseje czeskiego autora Lubomíra Martínka oraz wspomnienia przedstawicieli 13 przeciętnych przypadkowych czeskich rodzin. Refleksje autora koncentrują się z jednej strony na braku austronostalgii w tych subiektywnych świadectwach, a z drugiej na przyczynach tej nieobecności. Pierwsza z nich nawiązuje do teorii Cathrin Horel, że kraje dobrze rozwinięte, które nie zawdzięczają swojego postępu monarchii Habsburgów, bardzo szybko zapomniały o wspólnej przeszłości. Druga dotyczy czeskiego dyskursu odrodzeniowego w XIX wieku, którego głównym celem było uniezależnienie się od imperium austro-węgierskiego.
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