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EN
Subject of the paper is contained in reflections on the cultural defense. The author tries to determine the importance of offender’s culture for assessing the degree of social noxiousness of his criminal act. The analysis is based on the Polish Criminal Code.
EN
This article considers mediation in disciplinary matters against academic teachers, PhD students and students. The analysis was carried out against the background of the new Act of 20 July 2018 – Law on Higher Education and Science and the Regulation of the Minister of Science and Higher Education of September 25, 2018 on the detailed mode of conducting mediation, explanatory proceedings and disci- plinary proceedings in matters of disciplinary liability of academic teachers, and also the way of disciplinary penalties and their seizure. In the first part of the ar- ticle, through the confrontation of the function and the importance of disciplinary responsibility with the functions of mediation proceedings, the legitimacy of the adopted legislative solutions in this area was assessed – introduction of media- tion to disciplinary proceedings against academic teachers and the lack of such a solution in the case of disciplinary liability of students and doctoral students. Then, there is a detailed analysis of the provisions relating to the mediation pro- ceedings allowed for the display of noticed errors and defects in legal regulations.
EN
The objective of this article is to interpret the provisions of the act of March 23, 2017 amending the Penal Code, referring – directly or indirectly – to minors. Following the decision of the legislator, four aspects of changes are taken into account: new circumstance including among sentencing directives; new types of crimes, threatened by a higher penalty; tightening the statutory limits for the penalty of certain types of crimes and taking new crimes into the obligation of denunciation. The authors of the amending act declared that increasing the level of criminal-law child protection was their main motive. The presented interpreta- tion takes into account these assumptions. The analysis was carried out both on the basis of the adopted assumptions and the manner of their implementation. The article reveals various flaws and defects in the adopted legal solutions, which do not allow a positive assessment of the above mentioned amendment.
PL
Przedkładane opracowanie poświęcone jest klauzuli sumienia oraz obronie przez kulturę. Początkowe wywody koncentrują się na wyjaśnieniu wskazanych pojęć, poprzez przywołanie dotychczasowych stanowisk doktrynalnych. Zasadniczy tok rozważań – poświęcony pierwotnej i wtórnej legalności, kontratypom ustawowym i pozaustawowym, okolicznościom wyłączającym winę lub ją umniejszającym – stanowi próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie, gdzie w strukturze przestępstwa znajduje się miejsce dla klauzuli sumienia i obrony przez kulturę.
EN
The submitted study is devoted to the clause of conscience and cultural defense. The initial arguments are focused on explaining the indicated terms, by referring to current doctrinal positions. The basic course of considerations – devoted to primary and secondary legality, legislative and non-legislative lawful excuses, circumstances reducing or excluding guilt – is an attempt to answer the question of where in the structure of crime is a place for conscience clause and cultural defense.
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