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Stanisław Keturakis – Litwin w służbie rosyjskiej oświaty na terenie guberni piotrkowskiej w latach 1895–1914

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Złotkowski D.

Biuletyn Historii Wychowania

2020

issue 42

123-143

At the end of the 19th century, the teaching profession was the aspiration of many peasant sons. The position of a teacher ensured a modest but quite stable income. A Lithuanian, born in 1989, Stanislaw Keturakis, was one of graduates of the Teachers’ College in Wejwery near Kaunas. This institution offered a state scholarship. In return for this financial help, its graduates had to accept posts in primary schools determined by educational authorities. A few graduates of this school, mostly Lithuanians, were sent to work in village schools of Piotrków province. One of them, Stanislaw Keturakis, began his first teaching job in a school in Jedlno. He was confronted with difficult living conditions, the school was only planned to be built. At this time, he married Józefa Birsztejn and they had two sons: Eugeniusz Józef (1901) and Zdzisław Aleksander (1904). Peasants perceived teachers as tsarist officials. In 1901, S. Keturakis was transferred to Mstów, to work as a teacher, then to Wancerzów, and again back to Jedlno. Taking over a position of a teacher in Zagórze (1907) was clearly a promotion. The school belonged to the private property of Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, a brother of Emperor Nicholas II. The last stage of S. Keturakis’s teaching career was his work in a school in Zagórze. Working there in the years 1907–1914, he taught Russian, Polish, Arithmetic, History and Geography. At the end of the summer 1914, he got an opportunity to take over the post of the forester’s assistant in Orłow province, but the outbreak of the war made it impossible. Lack of any sources does not allow us to determine what the further life of Stanislaw Keturakis was like.

Młyn czy papiernia? Właściciele podczęstochowskiej wsi Łojki na drodze do uprzemysłowienia majątku rolnego

100%

Złotkowski D.

Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku

2022

vol. 25

9-30

There is a vast and multifaceted literature covering the history of papermaking industry on a macro scale, but not so much in terms of analytic research. The subject of the analysis in this article is the paper mill in the village Łojki near Czestochowa in the mid-19th century. This text aims to attract attention of historians researching the economy of the 19th century to notarial deeds and land and mortgage registers. The heir Otto Kunert looking for new sources of income for the increasingly indebted farming estate, funded a paper mill in his properties. He leased the paper mill which gave him smaller but stable income. The lessees were mostly local Jews. The income form the paper mill did not save the farming estate from the threat of bankruptcy. The paper production was terminated most probably in the 1870s finishing the era of craft production.

Historia papiernictwa na ziemiach polskich w makroskali ma rozległą i wieloaspektową literaturę, gorzej jest z badaniami analitycznymi. W niniejszym artykule przedmiotem analizy będzie papiernia w podczęstochowskiej wsi Łojki, w połowie XIX w. Niniejszy tekst jest próbą zwrócenia uwagi historyków zajmujących się gospodarką XIX stulecia na akta notarialne i księgi wieczyste. Dziedzic Otto Kunert, poszukując nowych źródeł dochodów dla coraz bardziej zadłużonego majątku, założył w swych dobrach papiernię. Zadowalał się mniejszymi, ale pewnymi dochodami z jej wydzierżawiania. Kooperantami byli w coraz większym stopniu miejscowi Żydzi. Dochody z papierni nie uratowały jednak dóbr przed groźbą licytacji. Produkcja papieru ustała tu najprawdopodobniej w latach siedemdziesiątych XIX w., kończąc okres produkcji manufakturowej.

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1 Biuletyn Historii Wychowania

1 Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku

2 Złotkowski D.

1 2022

1 2020

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Stanisław Keturakis – Litwin w służbie rosyjskiej oświaty na terenie guberni piotrkowskiej w latach 1895–1914

Młyn czy papiernia? Właściciele podczęstochowskiej wsi Łojki na drodze do uprzemysłowienia majątku rolnego