The article attempts to apply actor-network theory to the field of sport. As a former competitive swimmer and currently a head coach of one of the best Polish swimmers, I show that sport is constructed not only by social, economic, or cultural conditions, but also in interactions and negotiations with various actors. I describe how, by tinkering with his environment, establishing associations with human and non-human training partners, and by referring to tacit knowledge the athlete achieves his goals such as participation in the Olympic Games. The paper shows that following the athlete and his material context through the training process provides new insights into competitive sport: how it is conceived, practiced, and socio-technically manufactured. By taking a closer look at the swimmer's preparation, I thereby attempt to problematize the idea of what athletes and their coaches actually do during trainings.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę wykorzystania teorii aktora-sieci w obszarze sportu. Na podstawie własnych doświadczeń pływaka wyczynowego i trenera jednego z najlepszych polskich pływaków pokazuję jak sport konstruowany jest w interakcjach i bezustannych negocjacjach z różnymi aktorami, a nie wyłącznie przez warunki społeczne, ekonomiczne i kulturowe. Opisuję też jak – poprzez manipulowanie i stabilizowanie swojego otoczenia, relacji z ludzkimi i nie-ludzkimi partnerami treningowymi oraz odwoływanie się do wiedzy milczącej – sportowiec realizuje swoje cele takie, jak udział w igrzyskach olimpijskich. Tekst wskazuje, że podążanie w procesie treningowym za zawodnikiem i jego materialnym środowiskiem daje nowy wgląd w sport wyczynowy: w jego pojmowanie, praktykowanie i socjotechniczne wytwarzanie. Przyglądając się z bliska przygotowaniom wyczynowca próbuję tym samym sproblematyzować wyobrażenie tego, co zawodnicy z trenerami faktycznie robią na treningach.
The article describes the socio-cultural phenomenon of the increasing interest and attractiveness of urban culture in recent years. The main purpose of this paper is to relate this phenomenon to the category of the new bourgeoisie and to reconsider this term. In my analysis, I wonder whether the new bourgeoisie should actually be interpreted mainly through the prism of their civic potential and involvement or perhaps more in relation to the urban lifestyles and heterogeneous values and practices. I compare the reflection on the new bourgeoisie with the results of my own research and with sociological concepts that focus on the characteristic processes of late modernity. In the article, I try to capture the rhythm of urban life and get to a richer description of the new bourgeois culture by focusing on attitudes and behaviors, on what inhabitants think, how they interpret life in the city, and how they value it.
PL
Artykuł opisuje społeczno-kulturowy fenomen, jakim w ostatnich latach zdaje się być rosnąca atrakcyjność kultury miejskiej. Głównym celem tekstu jest odniesienie tego zjawiska do kategorii nowego mieszczaństwa i jej ponowne przemyślenie. Starając się dokonać rewizji tego terminu, szczególną uwagę zwracam na praktykowane miejskie style życia oraz heterogeniczne systemy wartości i sensów nowych mieszczan. Artykuł jest tym samym próbą uchwycenia rytmu życia po miejsku i dotarcia do bogatszego opisu kultury mieszczańskiej dzięki koncentracji na postawach i zachowaniach, na tym, co mieszkańcy myślą, jak interpretują życie w mieście, jak spędzają w nim czas i jak je wartościują. Refleksję nad nowym mieszczaństwem ilustruję wynikami badań własnych oraz koncepcjami socjologicznymi skupiającymi się na typowych dla późnej nowoczesności procesach i zjawiskach.
The purpose of this article is to supplement the space between the theoretical and practical approach to business valuation method adjusted net assets. The combination of legal principles and recommendations of how to establish the theoretical adjustment of individual balance sheet items valued companies, using the examples from the Polish capital market, allows the reader familiar with same accounting policies to make the company’s valuation using the presented method. The author proposes ways to determine the corrections, especially for other funds, unlisted joint stock companies and bonds due to the acceptance of an independent auditor and the Financial Supervisory Commission who, in turn, provide an assurance of the correctness of a valuation prepared in this way.
The majority of architectural studies tends to focus on relationships between architecture and its materiality on the one hand and the society or culture, on the other. In this perspective, buildings and projects, architects and their work can be understood only by placing them within the social context, structures, frames and conditions. Architecture is here and mirrors societal changes and processes, while the explanations are there. Buildings are stable, there is no action, all moves and all flows are outside, behind or hidden and the only thing researchers and designers should do is to unveil them.The ambition of this article is different. Starting from Rem Koolhaas’s well-known phrase — “fuck context” — I argue that the main purpose of studying architecture should not be explaining or interpreting buildings but trying to understand them and to follow, account and examine all (human and non-human) actors involved in the dynamic architectural network. This is why I propose to apply the Action-Network Theory as a new method of studying and analyzing architecture in the humanities and social sciences but also in architecture theory. If we pay attention to details, to actors and their actions as much as it is possible, to their associations and connections, to what buildings do rather than what they mean, a new and richer version of architecture will appear. And there will be no place, no necessity for context.
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