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[recenzja pracy:] Franciszek Wasyl, Ormianie w przedautonomicznej Galicji. Studium demograficzno-historyczne, Kraków 2015, ss. 550

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Wnęk K.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2015
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vol. 37
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issue 3
207-210
2
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Epidemia cholery w Krakowie w 1866 roku. Analiza demograficzna i przestrzenna

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Wnęk K.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2015
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vol. 37
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issue 3
93-117
EN
The article presents the causes and effects of the epidemic of cholera that broke out in Cracow in 1866. The presentation is based on archival material collected when the epidemic was raging and when it was over. The basic source are tabular sheets and responses to a questionnaire sent to physicians by the Sanitary Commission just after the epidemic was over in 1867. The notes prepared by Cracow physicians are a splendid source for the research of that kind as they were made shortly after the epidemic. The article also presents a description of how the epidemic was approaching Cracow and its probable route along which it reached the city. The article includes various views on the aetiology of the epidemic and on various methods of curing it. In the article there is an analysis of the mortality rate according to sexes, faith and the place of treatment. The epidemic has been depicted as it was evolving in time and space; in order to make the depiction the author has used some geostatistical methods, including the method of hierarchical clustering. The incidence of cholera and its mortality rate have been presented on two maps, on which the clusters have been marked too. According to the research, in the case of Roman Catholics the disease attacked mainly the poor and malnourished social groups, who lived in poor housing conditions or were homeless. In the Jews the disease attacked various social groups, not only the poorest. The ability to survive has been analysed in two religious groups of Cracow: the Roman Catholics and the Jews. The results have not confirmed the statistical higher resistance of the Jews to cholera, which might have been suggested by the first data of the graph. In another part of the article Cox regression has been used to verify which factor was responsible for a higher mortality caused by cholera. The method of backward (stepwise) approach has not confirmed that such factors as sex, social class, faith or place of treatment influenced the probability of death. Among those factors the most doubtful one is the place of treatment, i.e. a hospital or a dwelling place, which has been rejected in the last step of the analysis. It may be the result of the fact that the sample was not big enough. The epidemic of 1866 was relatively mild, and the city council was well prepared; it was also important that there were many highly-qualified physicians engaged in the battle against the epidemic and access to medicines was not difficult.
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RECENZJA KSIĄŻKI: SABINA REJMAN, DZIAŁALNOŚĆ SAMORZĄDÓW GMINNYCH W ZAKRESIE BEZPIECZEŃSTWA I PORZĄDKU PUBLICZNEGO W ZNACZNIEJSZYCH MIASTACH ZACHODNIOGALICYJSKICH W LATACH 1889–1914, RZESZÓW 2013, SS. 315

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Wnęk K.
Rocznik Przemyski
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2015
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vol. 51
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issue 3(18): Historia
215-220
4
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Przemiany demograficzne we Lwowie w latach 1829–1938

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Wnęk K.
Prace Historyczne
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2008
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vol. 135
PL
Demographic Changes in Lvov in the Years 1829–1938In the article, the author sums up the results of research on the issue of demographic transformations which had taken place in Lvov in the years 1829–1938. Due to a lack of archival sources, the paper relies on the published statistical data. Up until now, Lvov possessed neither a monograph concerning demographic issues, nor any detailed analyses of population changes which had taken place there in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the analysis, the author makes use of the crude birth and death rates in order to single out the individual phases of the demographic transformation. The first phase is typical of the demographic ancient regime and is characterized by high values of the birth and death rates. However the author goes beyond this observation and undertakes an effort to answer the question what was the cause of such high mortality in Lvov and how the contemporary city authorities tried to counteract these unfavorable factors. Subsequently, the author focuses on trying to define the time of commencement of the second phase of the transformation which began with the drop of the death rate. In spite of the fact that it is difficult to talk about precise dates, it seems that this process began at the turn of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th centuries. The author also draws attention to a certain lack of precision in estimating the number of inhabitants in the city, due to a considerable volume of migration which intensified towards the end of the 19th c.; this phenomenon could have exerted an influence on entering the process of demographic transformations earlier than might be inferred from formal observations. Apart from a general analysis, the author carried out community research taking into consideration such factors as gender and religious belief. If in the case of differentiation into gender, the results only confirmed the occurrence of inequality towards death among men and women, then in the case of religion, certain fundamental differences were observed. In the light of the conducted studies, it turned out that it was the Jews who entered the second phase at the earliest moment, which in turn led to an increased birth rate among the Jewish population. This process could have exerted a considerable influence on the perception of this religious group as a more expansive one at the beginning of the 20th century, not only in the economic, but also in the demographic sense.
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Metoda badania wiarygodności masowych źródeł historycznych, baz danych i opracowań badawczych

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Wnęk K.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2016
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vol. 38
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issue 38, 2016, nr 4
119-134
PL
W artykule przedstawiono metodę zastosowania prawa Benforda w celu weryfikacji rzetelności źródeł historycznych i opracowań badawczych zawierających wiele danych liczbowych. Prawo to wykorzystuje rozkład cyfry wiodącej w dużym zbiorze danych, który nie jest – jak można by przypuszczać – rozkładem losowym. Badania przeprowadzono na czterech przykładach źródeł i publikacji historycznych. W przypadku trzech z nich potwierdzono zgodność empirycznych rozkładów cyfry wiodącej z rozkładem Benforda; na przykładzie czwartej natomiast wskazano ograniczenia tej metody weryfikacji w odniesieniu do opracowań, w których dane pierwotne podlegają kodowaniu. Nie może też być ona stosowana dla liczb losowych oraz dla zjawisk zbliżonych do rozkładu normalnego. Opracowano również syntetyczną miarę zgodności rozkładów wykorzystującą tzw. entropię względną (dywergencję Kullbacka-Leiblera) w postaci indeksu wiarygodności W. Wskaźnik ten może przyjmować wartości teoretyczne od 0 do 100, choć w szczególnych przypadkach może nawet tę górną granicę przekraczać. Zaproponowano również wartość graniczną wskaźnika W, od której można mieć uzasadnione wątpliwości co do wiarygodności danych.
EN
The paper presents the method of applying the Benford law to verify the reliability of historical sources and research papers containing many numbers. This law uses the distribution of the leading number in a large data set, which is not a random distribution as one would assume. The study was carried out using four examples of historical sources and publications. Three of them confirmed that the empirical distribution of the leading digit was in line with the Benford distribution; the example of the fourth one indicated the limitations of this verification method for studies in which primary data are encoded. It cannot be used for random numbers and for phenomena similar to normal distribution. The author of the paper has also constructed a synthetic measure of concordance of distributions, which makes use of relative entropy (the Kullback-Leibler divergence) in the form of a W – validity index. This index may take theoretical values from 0 to 100, although in some cases it may even exceed this upper limit. The study also proposes a limit value for the W index, from which reasonable doubt about the reliability of the data may arise.
6
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Systemy GIS w badaniach historycznych

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Wnęk K.
Prace Historyczne
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2010
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vol. 137
PL
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) IN HISTORICAL RESEARCH The author of the article discusses the application of GIS systems for historical research as well as for presenting the research results. The fi rst part of the article contains defi nitions of GIS and a short history of the method development in the second half of the 20thcentury. Afterwards the article focuses on scant sources on the subject in the Polish language and slightly less so in English. Since an essential aspect of the issue is the software employed for the research, the author presents its short characteristics and systematization. The most interesting historical GIS projects, which may become an inspiration for other researchers in Poland, are also described in the body of the article. The author warns against excessive enthusiasm for this methodology, emphasizing that its proper application requires interdisciplinary knowledge comprising historical cartography, IT and spatial analysis. Alongside the use of GIS in space-related historical research, one should also bear in mind that it is an attractive tool for presenting the results and it may contribute to spread such results among a wider audience through the Internet.
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