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EN
The article describes how the notion of groups at risk of HIV infection changed under the influence of the development of studies on HIV in the years 1981–1986. The first diagnosed patients with the HIV symptoms were homosexual persons and drug addicts. In the initial phase of virus occurrence in the world these two groups were commonly regarded as the virus carriers and only they were associated with AIDS. With time the progress in research has revealed that infections with HIV cannot be linked solely to lifestyle, habits of homosexuals and drug addicts since the group of subjects potentially vulnerable to the infection is much broader and it started to be related to some risky behaviour. The article shows the process of alteration of the knowledge about the virus causing AIDS in the years 1981–1986. The progress in this knowledge has lead to the changes in qualifying subjects to the risk groups related to the way of HIV transmission. The paper also presents the phenomenon of stigmatization linked to the inclusion of some populations to the groups at risk of HIV infection in the 80s. of the 20th century which was caused by the lack of knowledge on the pathogenesis and mechanism of virus transmission.
PL
Contemporarily the increasing role of marketing in the process of hospital management may be observed due to the lastly undertaken processes of systemic changes. The paper describes this phenomena on the basis of the Children’s University Hospital of Kraków, one of the leading polish centers in pediatrics. Authors analyze the case of a public clinical hospital asking if marketing activities should be used in such case. The issues focused on public relations and relations with the most important stakeholders are taken into account with a specific regard to the process of the hospital development, potential support for the hospital’s budget and for the future perspectives of such important provider. The case study explicitly illustrates the importance of different marketing techniques and actions for the process of effective management. The final conclusion underlined hereby, is the existing necessity of making publicly visible the vital role of such hospitals as well as building the positive and publicly accepted image of relationship and cooperation amongst stakeholders. This may be obtained with a great help and contribution of marketing knowledge and practices, specifically public relations and relationship marketing, 
PL
Effects of the EU Directive on Patient’s Rights in the sphere of patients etitlements, providers liabilities and services organization, coordination and financing The so called cross border care directive of European Union follows the long process of European Court of Justice judgments concerning regulation of patient’s right in respect to health services delivered outside the country of health insurance, specifically the planned procedures or treatment not available in the country of patient origin. At this moment the directive is still being transformed into domestic systems however, there are still important obstacles and problems caused by the implementation process. The paper concerns some specific aspects of the above mentioned implementation results, showing also the wider context of the previous attempts focused on the matter solving in EU, mostly describing the legal background and crucial political approaches. It briefly describes such questions like: pre-authorization requirements, subjective obstacles regarding implementation, national contact points problems, need for the legislation novelisation, base reimbursement problems, national systems protection, providers responsibility and some coordination of services aspects in relation to the described directive. 
PL
Population aging challenge – the conference at Jagiellonian University and research The population aging process is inherent feature of all contemporary societies. It places enormous pressure on all countries health and social systems. The demographic changes lead to both the organizational as well as financial challenges. The aim of the article is to present the scope and diversity of the ‘population aging’ influence on the health care sector – by description of various, related researches, projects and activities conducted within the past several years, in Europe and Poland. The authors provide brief summaries of contemporary researches and analyze the effects of the population aging on the Polish health care system in its: organizational (human resources), financial (costs of treatment, public expenditure) and social (disability, informal care) aspects. The need for comprehensive (combining education, labour, health and social sectors), long-term strategy focused on the population aging challenge is emphasized
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza wpływu wprowadzonej zmiany systemowej w sektorze ochrony zdrowia na dalszą działalność podmiotu leczniczego na terenie województwa świętokrzyskiego. Studium przypadku placówki szpitalnej z zakresu kardiologii i chirurgii naczyniowej poddaje analizie pośrednie i bezpośrednie skutki wprowadzenia w życie zmiany o charakterze systemowym w sektorze ochrony zdrowia w postaci ustawy z dnia 23 marca 2017 r. W opracowaniu opisano i poddano ocenie czynniki, jakie zadecydowały o powstaniu, rozwoju i doprowadziły do likwidacji Oddziału Kardiologii oraz Oddziału Chirurgii Naczyniowej działających w ramach Centrum Kardiologiczno-Angiologicznego im. dr. Wadiusza Kiesza Polsko-Amerykańskich Klinik Serca (PAKS) w Starachowicach. W pracy przeprowadzono również analizę skutków dla pacjentów leczonych wcześniej w PAKS w Starachowicach związanych z uszczupleniem bazy medycznej w zakresie kardiologii i chirurgii naczyniowej na tym terenie.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the impact of the introduced systemic change in the health care sector. The case study of a hospital unit in the field of cardiology and vascular surgery analyzes the indirect and direct effects of the implementation of the change in the health care system in the form of the Act of 23 March 2017. The paper describes and assesses the factors that led to the creation, development and liquidation of the Department of Cardiology and Vascular Surgery, which operated as part of Dr Wadiusz Kiesz Cardiology-Angiology Center, American Heart of Poland (AHP) in Starachowice. The study also carried out an analysis of the effects of the depletion of the medical base on patients previously treated in AHP in Starachowice in the field of cardiology and vascular surgery in this area.
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