In this article I propose the term “Multicultural (un)employment”, which was created during the analysis of the situation in the multicultural Israeli labor market. First, I describe multiculturalism in Israel. Next, I discuss the Israeli labor market from a societal perspective. And then I characterized the Israeli labor market in view of the internal-group. The article is completed by the following conclusions. Statistics in Israel show low unemployment in a multicultural society but these statistics do not cover the groups which hardly participate in the labor market (Ultra-orthodox and Arabs). These groups are characterized by the cultural difference and high unemployment rate.
Artykuł dotyczy kontrastów obecnych w izraelskiej edukacji. Wychodząc od podstaw prawnych izraelskiego szkolnictwa w postaci – Prawa o obowiązku szkolnym (1949); Prawa o systemie edukacyjnym (1953); Prawa o Radzie w szkolnictwie wyższym (1958); Prawa o szkolnictwie specjalnym (1988) oraz Prawa o prawach uczniów (2000) – przechodzę do opisu struktury edukacji w państwie żydowskim. Następnie charakteryzuję podzielony system szkół w Izraelu, na szkoły publiczne; publiczne o profilu religijnym; publiczne arabskie oraz niepubliczne – ale finansowane z pieniędzy państwowych – szkoły ultraortodoksyjne. Artykuł kończą ustalenia na temat konsekwencji funkcjonowania podzielonego szkolnictwa, a zwłaszcza szkół ultraortodoksyjnych i arabskich.
EN
The paper presents the contrasts in the Israeli education. First part presents the legal basis of education in Israel – Compulsory Education Law (1949), State Education Law (1953), Council for Higher Education Law (1958), Special Education Law (1988), Students Rights Law (2000) and discussion on the structure of the education system. Next, compare four separate school system – public state schools, public religious state schools, public Arab schools and the “private” but publicly funded “ultra-orthodox” or Haredi schools. The paper ends findings about the contrasts in the Israeli education and the discussion on difficult situation of graduates of public Arab schools and Haredi schools.
The Polish social assistance system, designed on the eve of systemic transformation, has had a major role in mitigating the effects of economic and social change. And in this sense, it served as a social welfare, despite the nomenclature in the form of social assistance. The purpose of this article is to examine whether, after almost three decades of operation, the system is still closer to what can be called social care or can it, in line with the terminology adopted, focus on aid. In attempt to answer these questions, the terms ‘social care’ and ‘social assistance’ were first defined to distinguish between the legal forms of care and aid services. Then, using quantitative data on the benefits provided in social assistance, it was concluded that care services are still prevalent in social assistance, which leads to a terminological-functional paradox.
This paper describes the strategy of counteraction of minority groups marginalization on the labor market. Social policy should solve major social problems, and the minority groups marginalization on the labor market is a major social problem. The first part of this paper describes the features of the two minority groups - Roma in Poland and Orthodox Jews in Israel. The second part of the paper discusses the barriers to the functioning of minority groups in the labor market, and suggests diagram of minority groups marginalization on the labor market. The article ends with conclusions on the actions of social policies in this area.
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