The term 'free Polish press' is closely related to the political system changes in 1989. It was after the first free Sejm election (a lower chamber of the Polish parliament) that civic grass-root activities sprang up. As a result, the first independent local papers were established. They operated without censorships realizing freedom of speech. The ideological principles of the passing epoch did not concern them. The oldest weekly in the region of mid-west Poland is an example of the above defined independent civic paper which was founded on the rising tide of system changes. The author of the text contacts the founders of the paper, investigates the sources and the original documents from the political watershed period. He also defines the scope of events important for free press when Poland was coming out of institutional communism. The author presents the social background and political realities of creating the paper, its first successes and failures and its fight for existence. Moreover, he shows in this particular case, how years of subsequent privatisation processes have become the cause of the civic papers' collapse resulting in the overall decline of independent local papers. 'Tygodnik Kepinski' and its 20-year history is a prime example of this process.
Biotechnology is one of the most rapidly progressing field of modern science. In contemporary bioethical debate one can frequently find views, stating that biotechnology as a field of science is ethically neutral and only its applications should be evaluated ethically. Based on the description of biotechnology presented herein, the author of the article supports the opposite thesis. In scientific work biotechnologist frequently meets issues that require moral decisions to be made. Therefore, the article presents the view, that scientific practice in the field of biotechnology is filled with moral values (value-ladenness of science). Accepting axiological and ethical context of modern biotechnology leads us to the conclusion that in daily scientific practice scientists should consciously take into account moral aspects of their activity and also attract their attention to protect the good of human person. In addition, the article presents the basic model of biotechnologist’s ethos based on Thomistic Personalism.
PL
Biotechnologia należy do jednej z najszybciej rozwijających się dziedzin nauki. We współczesnej debacie bioetycznej nierzadko spotkać można opinię wskazującą na to, że biotechnologię jako naukę należy uznać za etycznie neutralną, a jedynie jej zastosowania powinny podlegać kwalifikacji moralnej. Zaprezentowana w artykule charakterystyka biotechnologii skłania autora do zaproponowania tezy przeciwnej. W pracy badawczej biotechnolog napotyka zagadnienia domagające się podejmowania decyzji o charakterze moralnym. Stąd w artykule przedstawiono pogląd, iż praktyka naukowa należąca do biotechnologii „nasycona” jest wartościami moralnymi. Uznanie aksjologicznego i etycznego wymiaru biotechnologii prowadzi jednocześnie do wniosku, że w codziennej praktyce badawczej naukowiec winien świadomie uwzględnić moralne aspekty swoich działań oraz wziąć pod uwagę dobro osoby ludzkiej. W artykule zaproponowano również ogólny model etosu biotechnologa oparty na etyce personalistyczno-tomistycznej.
The term 'free Polish press' is closely related to the political system changes in 1989. It was after the first free Sejm election (a lower chamber of the Polish parliament) that civic grass-root activities sprang up. As a result, the first independent local papers were established. They operated without censorships realizing freedom of speech. The ideological principles of the passing epoch did not concern them. The oldest weekly in the region of mid-west Poland is an example of the above defined independent civic paper which was founded on the rising tide of system changes. The author of the text contacts the founders of the paper, investigates the sources and the original documents from the political watershed period. He also defines the scope of events important for free press when Poland was coming out of institutional communism. The author presents the social background and political realities of creating the paper, its first successes and failures and its fight for existence. Moreover, he shows in this particular case, how years of subsequent privatisation processes have become the cause of the civic papers' collapse resulting in the overall decline of independent local papers. 'Tygodnik Kepinski' and its 20 - year history is a prime example of this process.
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