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Polityka imigracyjna w ujęciu teoretycznym na przykładzie Szwecji

100%
Lieder W.
Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
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2012
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vol. 8
197-214
2
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Norweska droga do dobrobytu. Rola Socjaldemokratów

100%
Lieder W.
Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
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2014
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vol. 10
237-257
PL
mieście, które każdego znaczyć piętnem swym musi…” – takim opisem norweskiej stolicy końca XIX wieku wybitny pisarz norweski, noblista Knut Hamsun, rozpoczął swoje dzieło pt. Głód (norw. Sult). Powieść jest głęboką analizą ludzkiej psychiki w warunkach głodu i walki o byt w ówczesnym Oslo. Twórczość Hamsuna w dużej mierze odnosiła się do ciężkiej sytuacji bytowej mieszkańców tego skandynawskiego kraju. Jeszcze w końcu XIX wieku Norwegia niejednokrotnie doświadczała głodu, biedy, wysokiego wskaźnika wychodźstwa (zwłaszcza do USA). Ten najbardziej na północ wysunięty kraj skandynawski był jednym z najbiedniejszych i najbardziej zacofanych w Europie. Ciąg wydarzeń, zjawisk, procesów jakie zaszły w tym nordyckim państwie oraz czynniki zewnętrzne, sprzyjające rozwojowi Norwegii, przyczyniły się do tego, iż dziś słowo ubóstwo, będące przez wiele stuleci synonimem tego skandynawskiego kraju, stało się jego antonimem. Niepodważalną rolę w budowaniu norweskiego dobrobytu miała Norweska Partia Pracy (DnA), której decyzje polityczne stały się na tyle trafne, iż można dziś mówić o norweskim modelu państwa opiekuńczego.
EN
“It was during the time I wandere d about and starved in Christiania: Christiania, this singular city, from which no man departs without carrying away the traces of his sojourn there” – with this description of the Norwegian capital city of the late nineteenth century, Knut Hamsun, a prominent Norwegian writer and a Nobel laureate, began his opus entitled Hunger (Sult). This novel is a profound analysis of the human psyche set in circumstances of great hunger and struggle for survival in Hamsun’s contemporary Oslo. Today, the writer is regarded as the forerunner of the modernist trends in the psychological novel genre. However, Hunger is not an exception, as most of Hamsun’s work is widely related to the severe living conditions of the inhabitants of this Scandinavian country. Even before the outbreak of World War II, famine, poverty, high emigration rates (especially to the U.S.) were considered common phenomena. Norway was one of the poorest and most backward countries in Europe. The sequence of events, phenomena and processes that have taken place in this Nordic country, together with external factors conducive to Norway’s development, contributed to the fact, that nowadays the word poverty, which was for many centuries synonymous with this Scandinavian country, became its antonym. Today, Norway is considered by many scholars as one of the best countries to live in (this is corroborated by the top ranks which Norway achieved e.g. in the Human Development Index – first place in 1995, 2000-2006, 2009-2012), which arouses the perfectly understandable admiration. Therefore, it seems reasonable to ask a question about the mechanisms and processes that within only a single generation time span allowed the Norwegians to achieve such rapid progress, and climb to the top of the rankings of countries with the highest degree of development in the subsequent years.
3
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Norweski dobrobyt a globalizacja

100%
Lieder W.
Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
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2015
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vol. 11
219-239
NO
Första spår av globaliseringen kunde man se redan i det femtonde århundradet – tiden med stora geografiska upptäckter. Globaliseringen blev dock ett forskningsföremål först på 1980-talet. Sedan dess har globaliseringen genomgått många förändringar. Både kolonisering och senare avkolonisering, har satt sin prägel på processens utveckling. En enorm inverkan på den ekonomiska globaliseringen hade även industriella revolutioner. Dessa i sin tur ledde till att det Fanny många företag med vinster som översteg landets bruttonationalprodukt. Globaliseringen har både sina positiva och negativa sidor. Fördelarna med globaliseringen är bland annat: borttagning av handels- och kommunikationshinder; detta i sin tur ledde till kapitalrörelser och en förhöjd levnadsstandard i fattiga länder. Å andra sidan som nackdelar menas homogenisering av samhället, konflikter på grund av olika nationalitet samt större skillnader mellan rika och fattiga länder. Globaliseringsprocessen har utan tvekan bidragit till en dynamisk utveckling av den norska ekonomin. Det är dock inte lika enkelt att bedöma effekterna Av invandring och försvagad nationell säkerhet.
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Oświata w szwedzkim modelu państwa opiekuńczego. Rys historyczny

100%
Lieder W.
Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
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2013
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vol. 9
91-108
EN
The Swedish model of the welfare state is considered admirable by many researchers. This model had a great influence on today’s prosperity of the Swedish society. Historians, who study the history of this country, are mainly surprised by the fact that before the twentieth century, Swe-den was one of the poorest and most backward countries in Europe. Economists are astounded by the fact that this model even in the condi-tions of current and past economic crises could and still manages to evolve towards more liberal reforms (some researchers even claim that “the Swedish model of the welfare state” became liberalized to the extent that it transforms into a “Swedish model of welfare society”). Along with the economic changes, the education system is progressing. Swedish ed-ucators and researchers, understanding the rapidly changing realities, are trying to adapt to the requirements of the modern education system. Thanks to the close cooperatiosssn of educational, public and private institutions, the Swedes can boast of one of most efficient and practical current education systems in the world. From the point of view of the international rankings, Sweden for many years has been at the forefront of innovative countries (as evidenced by the multiple places at the fore-front of Innovation Union Scoreboard) and offering one of the highest living standards (annual place among the top rankings of the Human De-velopment Index and the Better Life Index). This is possible also thanks to the efficient, flexible education system.
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