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PL
Administration of Polish Communes and the Current Challenges of Europeanisation and ModernisationIn Polish local government units the process of Europeisation has entailed the modernisation of local communities. In local Poland, Europeisation includes such areas of cooperation with the EU as: partner towns, trans-borderrelations (Euroregions), use of EU funds, and the activation o communities at the time of the EU accession referendum campaign (2003). Most of those processes have also entailed modernisation efforts. This is true not just for economic but also social and political issues. The mod- ern face of the Polish local administration in recent years also means new and young corps of local-government staff who are highly qualified and have a vision of their own professional development. The focal point of the Europeaisation and modernisation processes is Uniejów, which over the last few years has become the best developing Polish commune. The article attempts at showing to what an extent major phenomena in economics and regional policy may change the way small communities function as well as how much depends on efficient public governance
EN
During the majority of Polish crises, apart from the reaction of the central authorities, the responses of the local institutions were also noticeable. The very creation of local government in 1990 materialized under conditions of the profound political, social and economic crisis. In 1997, the flood revealed the weaknesses in the administration of the commune. In turn, the strength of frustration that was accumulated in many local communities, manifested itself during the agricultural protests in 1999. The global financial crisis (2008–2009) has had the mild impact on Poland, but it caused a breakdown in many communes. Similarly, the effects of social unrest during the pandemic and the wave of refugees from across the eastern border (2020–2022) were unevenly distributed. This article is an attempt to address the questions concerning its title: did the crises turn out to be more of a threat or an opportunity for local communities? To what extent have the crises revealed the specific functioning of local government? Were local councilors and municipality staff able to work effectively under the extreme circumstances? How to assess the crisis experiences in the context of legal and institutional changes.
EN
The following article includes an overview of the past experiences of the local governments’ administration units in regard to direct democracy. It takes into account the evolution of this phenomenon in the past 25 years and its systematic. It considers mandatory and optional referendums, public consultations, meetings of residents, civic initiatives and other forms of local participatory democracy. The author examines the issues presented in the title of this article while also evaluating possible systemic and political solutions to those issues.
PL
Artykuł zawiera przegląd dotychczasowych doświadczeń administracji jednostek samorządu lokalnego w zakresie funkcjonowania demokracji bezpośredniej. Uwzględnia ewolucję tego zjawiska na przestrzeni 25 lat oraz jego systematykę. Obejmuje referenda obligatoryjne i fakultatywne, konsultacje społeczne, zebrania mieszkańców, inicjatywy obywatelskie oraz inne formy lokalnej demokracji bezpośredniej. Autor poddaje tytułowe zagadnienie naukowemu wartościowaniu, przedstawiając również możliwe rozwiązania ustrojowo polityczne. 
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EN
This article is an attempt to synthetically present the two greatest crises of the post-1989 Poland: the events and phenomena of the first year of transition (1990) and the social unrest of the pandemic period (2020-2022). These 'turns of history' became the inspiration for filmmaking exemplified in this text. The author argues for undertaking a broader research in the context of both the knowledge of the past and the art of filmmaking. He is concerned with the difficulties young people might encounter in assimilating contemporary Polish history claiming that the best way to generate the desired interest is through a cinematic masterpiece. Although the history of the post-1989 Poland did not bring wars and dramatic conflicts on the scale of a thousand years of the history of the state and nation, the extraordinary events of this period can provide inspiration for filmmakers.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą syntetycznego ukazania dwóch największych kryzysów III Rzeczypospolitej: wydarzeń i zjawisk z pierwszego roku transformacji (1990) oraz z niepokojów społecznych w okresie pandemii (2020-2022). Te tytułowe ,,zakręty’’ historii stały się inspiracją do twórczości filmowej, której egzemplifikacja została w tym tekście zaprezentowana.  Autor stara się znaleźć argumenty przemawiające za podjęciem szerszych badań zarówno w kontekście wiedzy o przeszłości jak i o sztuce filmowej. Chodzi mu o trudności w przyswojeniu sobie współczesnych dziejów Polski przez młodzież. A także o to, że najlepszą drogą do wzbudzenia pożądanego zainteresowania jest kinowe arcydzieło (podręcznikowym wzorem są tu ,,Krzyżacy’’). I choć historia III RP nie przyniosła wojen i dramatycznych konfliktów na miarę tysiącletnich dziejów państwa i narodu, to jednak nadzwyczajne stany z tego okresu (np. powódź w 1997 r.) mogą stanowić ważną inspirację dla twórców. 
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