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Schemat poznawczy w kategoryzacji percepcyjnej

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EN
Perceptual categorization is a domain of the research on cognitive processes which combines perception with conceptual thinking. The paper discusses problems connected with the recognition of perceptual structures in the light of contemporary models of categorization. An analysis of a prototypical model, statistic and exemplary, has shown that various manners of operationalization of the concept of the recognition of structures, in respect of the assumed theory of the processes of categorization. The basic question here which a given theory is to answer is the following: does a man in the process of categorization creates or discovers a specimen most typical of a given class, as it is assumed in the prototypical model? Or, does it only memorize its particular specimen, which is in line with the assumptions of the exemplary model? The characterization of the cognitive representation of perceptual category points that specimens belonging to a given class are much more similar to one another, than to the specimens of other categories. This seems understandable in the light of the physical structure of stimuli which constitute a category and sensorial limitations of man. However, in some empirical research it was shown that the perceived similarity between specimens is not constant, but it changes in respect of the manner of categorization. An analysis of the cognitive scheme has been presented here in the context of a statistic, prototypical, and exemplary model of categorization.
EN
Distinguishing the agent and recipient perspectives in human perception allows for reflection in the three domains of scientific research. In cognitive psychology, this distinction is well interpreted in the constructive approach enriched with the motivational factors. In the psychology of management, it shows consequences resulting from the relationship between manager and subordinate. Finally, in the philosophy of science, it provokes considerations of the importance of forms and substance in determining scientific laws.
EN
Trademarks’ protection plays an essential role in the economic competitive market. This protection results from the fact that there are companies that launch new products and in order to increase sales they benefit from the value of an original brand by imitating verbal or graphic forms of the brand. Negative comparative advertising is also used for this purpose. Trademark law regulates precisely the protection of trademarks, pointing at similarity as a key element in creating a misleading situation about the origin of goods and services. Moreover, it also defines conditions in which comparative advertising may be used in order to protect consumers from misleading practices However, evaluation of similarity from a psychological perspective differs from the concept that has been developed within the legal system. Several examples of empirical studies conducted as a part of forensic examinations have revealed how consumers experienced the similarity between trademarks. The presented research shows a possibility of how to integrate legal and psychological approaches in similarity evaluation within the legal-behavioral framework as it is commonly seen in behavioral economics, which respect people’s choices.
PL
Na gospodarczym rynku konkurencyjnym duże znaczenie ma ochrona znaku towarowego. Ta ochrona wynika z tego, że pojawiają się firmy, które w celu wzrostu sprzedaży swoich produktów korzystają z wypracowanej wartości marki oryginalnej poprzez jej naśladowanie w warstwie werbalnej lub graficznej. W takim celu stosowane są także negatywne reklamy porównawcze. Prawo reguluje ochronę znaków towarowych, wskazując na podobieństwo jako kluczowy element konieczny dla powstania niebezpieczeństwa wprowadzenia w błąd co do pochodzenia towarów i usług. Dokładnie określa także warunki stosowania reklamy porównawczej. Jednak ocena podobieństwa z perspektywy psychologicznej różni się od tej oceny, która została wypracowana w prawie. W artykule na kilku przykładach badań empirycznych wykonanych w ramach ekspertyz sądowych pokazano sposób doświadczania podobieństwa przez konsumentów między znakami towarowymi. Przedstawione badania wskazują na możliwość zintegrowania podejścia prawnego i psychologicznego w ocenie podobieństwa w behawioralnym podejściu do prawa analogicznym do ekonomii behawioralnej respektującej ludzkie wybory.
EN
Contemporary development of information technology is this stage of civilization called information society in which human learns to transform information into the knowledge. An advantage of this stage is that it allows to effectively adapt to rapidly changing economical and political situations. However, its uncontrolled effect is the phenomena of creating the „virtual reality”. In such reality the information is constructs the illusions and artificial worlds in the human mind. The research on perceptual and memory processes uncovers the mechanisms of such construction which are often used to control the consumer and voter choice in economic and political market. The paper presents some examples of such control in both, the investment behavior on stock market, and the voter behavior under the influence of the negative political campaigns. The analyses of this controlled behavior in the light of cognitive mechanism of information processing allow to look differently on the classic notions of truth and freedom in decision making.
PL
Prezentowane badanie składało się z dwu części. W pierwszej z nich zostało sprawdzone, jak emocje wpływają na ocenę reklamy, ocenę marki i pamięć informacji o produkcie. Druga część dotyczyła wstecznego kształtowania pamięci: odpowiadała na pytanie, jak zostaje zniekształcona pamięć ocen marki, ocen produktu i informacji o produkcie pod wpływem później napływającej informacji, w zależności od siły emocji, jakie wzbudza reklama. Zastosowano dwa konteksty spostrzegania reklamy: spostrzeganie reklamy ze względu na jej atrakcyjność oraz markę. Wykorzystano trzy reklamy: autobiograficzną odnoszącą się do wspomnień pozytywnych, autobiograficzną odnoszącą się do wspomnień negatywnych i neutralną nieautobiograficzną. Jako informację zniekształcającą wykorzystano inną formę komunikatu perswazyjnego (ulotka reklamowa). Wyniki wykazały wpływ treści autobiograficznych na emocje wywołane reklamą oraz na oceny reklamy i marki. Pamięć reklam wywołujących silniejsze emocje ulegała mniejszym zniekształceniom niż pamięć reklam wywołujących emocje słabsze.
EN
The study consisted of two parts. In the first part, the influence of emotions on evaluation of advertisement and on memory of brand claims has been examined. The second part was designed in the backward framing paradigm: memory distortions of ad evaluation and of brand claims have been examined in the conditions of weak and strong emotions, depending on the strength of emotions elicited by the ad. The study was designed in the 2x3 paradigm. Two contexts of ad perception: ad-directed and brand-directed processing, and three ads: autobiographical appealing to positive memories, autobiographical appealing to negative memories, and non-autobiographical, were used. Another form of advertisement was used as a post event information. The results showed the influence of autobiographical ad on emotions elicited by the ad and on evaluation of ad and brand. Memory of ads eliciting stronger emotions was less distorted than in the case of ads eliciting weaker emotions.
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