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Getting Married in Late Medieval England and Poland

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Ruszkiewicz D.
Horyzonty Wychowania
|
2019
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vol. 18
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issue 46
41-51
EN
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of article is to examine the principles of and conditions for contracting a valid and successful marriage among members of the landed classes in fifteenth century England and Poland. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: An analysis of marriages contracted in medieval England and Poland was carried out using a comparative approach. Authentic fifteenth-century sources were consulted, such as the Paston letters in the case of England, and – for lack of a similar collection in the Polish archives – documents such as court records, episcopal statutes, annals or chronicles, and others, in the case of Poland.THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article first presents factors determining the choice of spouses, including socio-economic, political and emotional. Secondly, the ways of conducting prenuptial negotiations are presented. The final section is focused on the exchange of the marriage vows.RESEARCH RESULTS: The comparison of practices related to marriage contracts in medieval England and Poland shows that even though love matches are less well documented than marriages of convenience, love did take precedence over custom in a number of cases in both countries, with the only absolutely necessary condition for contracting a valid marriage being verba de praesenti (the words of present consent) exchanged by the partners.CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The added value of the analysis was to reveal certain differences between English and Polish literary cultures. While in fifteenth century England personal letters were written in the vernacular, in Poland the letters, as well as other historical sources, were still largely composed in Latin by professional writers. These still need to be translated into modern Polish and English if they are to be accessible to a wider audience.
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“One can also learn to be”: Women and their bodies of knowledge in Le Conte du Graal and The Nonexistent Knight

100%
Ruszkiewicz D.
Romanica Cracoviensia
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2013
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vol. 13
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issue 4
PL
L’article aborde la question du savoir et de l’éducation en rapport avec le roman de Chrétien de Troyes Le Conte du Graal et le récit Le Chevalier Inexistant d’Italo Calvino. En se servant de la métaphore du corpus du savoir, l’article montre que dans le roman de Chrétien de Troyes les femmes du Moyen-Âge, d’habitude présentées dans le rôle passif par rapport à l’homme, deviennent d’actives donatrices du savoir que le jeune chevalier doit acquérir au cours de son voyage. Cependant, la littéralité, avec laquelle Perceval se conforme aux conseils de ses monitrices, l’enferme littéralement dans son armure du chevalier, ce qui fait penser au héros du récit d’Italo Calvino – Agilulfe – chevalier qui n’existe que comme armure vide. La question des femmes et du savoir qu’elles transmettent est montrée par Calvino d’une manière bien intéressante : la femme, installé dans le rôle du narrateur, devient non seulement une source du savoir, mais aussi le commencement de la vie, de l’existence et de l’avenir.
3
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“The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie” as an Inverted Litany: The Scottish Perspective on a Poetic Agon

100%
Ruszkiewicz D.
Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo
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2020
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issue 10 (13)
293-305
PL
Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej, szkocki gatunek pojedynku na słowa (flyting), którego głównym celem było upokorzenie przeciwnika, zostaje umiejscowiony w kontekście anglosaskiej tradycji kulturowej i literackiej. Druga część podejmuje stylistyczną analizę utworu pt. The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie, argumentując, że wykazuje on pokrewieństwo tematyczne z satyrą poetycką, jednocześnie zbliżając się pod względem formy do wiersza litanijnego. The Flyting nie tylko wykazuje pewne cechy formalne litanii, lecz podziela także jej obraz świata, z Bogiem jako mediatorem poetyckiego agonu. Widziane z tej perspektywy wrogie wymiany zniewag przedstawione w wierszu nie stanowią zaprzeczenia, a jedynie odwrócenie tradycji litanijnej, co sprawia, że utwór można uznać za przykład litanii na opak.
EN
This article is composed of two parts. In the first, the Scottish genre of flyting, whose main purpose was to humiliate the opponent, is situated in the context of the Anglo-Saxon cultural and literary tradition. The second offers a stylistic analysis of “The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie”, arguing that the poem shows thematic affinity with satiric verse while bearing formal resemblance to litanic verse. “The Flyting” not only displays certain features that are characteristic of the litanic form, but also shares the litanic worldview, with God as the mediator of the poetic agon. Seen from this perspective, the poem’s hostile exchanges of insults do not represent a negation, but merely a reversal of the litanic tradition, and “The Flyting” may be seen as an example of an inverted litany
4
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Prosochê and the Transformation of the Self in Geoffrey Chaucer’s Poetry

100%
Ruszkiewicz D.
Perspektywy Kultury
|
2024
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vol. 45
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issue 2
169-180
PL
Tematem niniejszego artykułu jest pojęcie prosochê, definiowane jako skupienie się na chwili obecnej, w poezji Geoffreya Chaucera. Mimo iż sam termin grecki nie pojawia się w utworach Chaucera, to idea uważnej refleksji nad samym sobą, innymi oraz kosmosem jest mocno zaakcentowana przez angielskiego poetę, szczególnie w jego poezji dworskiej, która przedstawia postaci pogrążone w apatii oraz potrzebujące wewnętrznej przemiany. Poeta podkreśla transformacyjną moc uwagi poprzez wezwanie do przebudzenia, którego przykłady zostaną omówione w niniejszym artykule na podstawie dwóch utworów: Księga księżnej oraz Troilus i Criseyda. To, w jaki sposób poeta traktuje temat prosochê, świadczy o jego twórczym podejściu do źródeł, jak również o wrażliwości moralnej i filozoficznej refleksji.
EN
The article deals with the concept of prosochê, defined as concentration on the present moment, in Geoffrey Chaucer’s poetry. Even though the Greek term never appears in Chaucer’s poetry, the idea of attentive reflection on the self, others, and the cosmos is often articulated by the poet, especially in his courtly poetry, which construes individuals as steeped in apathy and in need of inner transformation. The poet underlines the transformative power of attention through a call to wake up, examples of which will be examined in this article, based on two poems: The Book of the Duchess and Troilus and Criseyde. It will be shown that Chaucer’s engagement with the concept of prosochê is testament to the poet’s creativity while handling his sources as well as to his moral sensitivity and philosophical reflection.
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