Over the last few years, a change has been noticed in the approach to shaping legal regulations in the economic field, and this has become the motive for a new approach to self-regulation. The change consists in the fact that the legislator mainly defines the purpose of a regulation, the regulatory framework, and the sanctions. However, it does not contain specific provisions indicating how an economic entity should fulfill the purpose of a given regulation. Thus, it leaves the broad sphere undefined. The legislator indicates what is expected, what the sanction for non-compliance will be, but it does not indicate exactly how business owners should achieve this compliance. The aim of the article is to describe a new trend of self-regulation, from the perspective of the role that industry organizations can play. Three examples of new acts in the field of commercial law are analyzed, which are characterized by a lack of clarity and are part of the case-law framework. Two initiatives of an industry organization which clarify unclear legal provisions are pointed out. The analyses make it possible to state that the industry organizations are able to take responsibility for interpretations of imprecise regulations in the field of commercial law. The organizations are also able to set standards of conduct and develop industry self-regulation so that they are respected by the industry and the legislator as a response to the new model of shaping the law.
Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy organizacje pracodawców mogą i powinny odgrywać rolę krytyka moralnego wymiaru życia gospodarczego. Pod pojęciem krytyka społecznego rozumiemy zdolność i gotowość do etycznej oceny zjawisk gospodarczych i wyznaczania etycznych standardów postępowania. W artykule w pierwszej kolejności przedstawimy rozumienie krytyka społecznego i krytyki społecznej wypracowane przez amerykańskiego filozofa Michaela Walzera. Następnie dokonamy analizy aktów prawnych dotyczących organizacji pracodawców aby sprawdzić, czy z prawnego punktu widzenia od tego typu podmiotów ustawodawca oczekuje działań na rzecz etyki biznesu. Ostatnią część niniejszego artykułu stanowi analiza wewnętrznych aktów prawnych organizacji pracodawców oraz wybranych działań przez nich podejmowanych w celu oceny, na ile reprezentatywne organizacje pracodawców same biorą na siebie rolę krytyka moralnego aspektu życia gospodarczego wyznaczającego etyczne standardy postępowania przedsiębiorców w Polsce.
EN
The goal of presented article is attempt to deliver answer for the question whether employers’ organization should play role of social critic of moral aspect of economic sphere. The social criticism is defined as willingness to reconciliation of the ethical standards in term of economic area. At the beginning of this article is presented an approach to the subject of social criticism worked out by American philosopher Michael Walzer. Then will be checked out whether Polish regulations regarding to employers’ organization expect to play role of ethical social critic by such organizations. The last part of this article is a review of the internal formal documents of representative employers’ organizations. The purpose of these document review is to check whether employers’ organizations define their own role also as a social critic.
The article presents the results of five years of research on transparency levels regarding the disclosure non‑financial data by companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE). The research was conducted as part of a project entitled “ESG analysis of companies in Poland”. The goal of the project is to provide credible knowledge about the quality of environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) data on the Polish capital market. The article mainly contains the results of a comprehensive analysis of how well the listed companies reported ESG related data in 2016. The five years of analysis enable us to show a change in the level of non‑financial data disclosure between 2012 and 2016.1 The results of the research show that, from an investor’s perspective, there is still a huge information gap on the Polish capital market, especially in the reporting of environmental and social data.
In this paper the most relevant and up-to-date topics that should be included in the curriculum of university programmes educating future managers have been proposed. The list of proposed topics was drafted based on: (i) the analysis of business phenomena conducted in the humanistic management approach based on the thoughts of Martha C. Nussbaum, and (ii) the conclusions arrived at in a recognised international research in business ethics carried out at an organisational level.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba wyboru istotnych i aktualnych zagadnień, jakie powinny znaleźć się w programie nauczania przyszłych menedżerów. Lista zaproponowanych tematów wynika z dwóch źródeł: 1) analizy zjawisk biznesowych prowadzonych w nurcie zarządzania humanistycznego – w artykule uwaga została skupiona na poglądach Marthy C. Nussbaum; 2) wniosków z uznanych międzynarodowych badań w zakresie etyki biznesu na poziomie rozwiązań organizacyjnych.
Biznes odgrywa dominującą rolę w rozwoju produktów i usług wykorzystujących sztuczną inteligencję. Wyzwaniem jest zapewnienie, aby takie produkty i usługi były etyczne. Trudność zmierzenia się z tym zadaniem wynika z faktów, że (a) proces ich rozwoju jest nietransparentny; (b) nie zawsze firmy chcą brać udział w dyskusji na temat etyki sztucznej inteligencji oraz stosować się do jej wyników; (c) nowość zagadnienia powoduje, że rezultaty tych dyskusji nie powstają szybko i nie są praktyczne. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie różnych modeli etyki sztucznej inteligencji rozwijanych przez biznes, a także warunków i problemów, jakie łączą się z tym zadaniem. Pokazano w jaki sposób biznes odpowiada na wyzwania etyczne spowodowane przez zjawisko rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji. Omówiono również odpowiedź, jakiej na te wyzwania udzieliła Grupa Robocza Wysokiego Szczebla powołana przez Komisję Europejską do wypracowania kodeksu etyki sztucznej inteligencji.
EN
Business plays a dominant role in the development of products and services based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). The challenge is to ensure that products and services based on AI are ethical. The difficulty in dealing with this task stems from the facts that: a. the process of development is not transparent; b. companies do not always want to take part in discussionson the ethics of artificial intelligence and adhere to its results; c. the novelty of the issue causes that the results of these discussions do not arise quickly and are not practical. The aim of the article is to indicate the difficulty of conducting research on the ethics of AI developed by business. The article has been synthetically presented in what way business responds to ethical challenges brought about by the phenomenon of development of AI. The answer to these challenges was also given by the High-Level Working Group appointed by the European Commission to develop a code of artificial intelligence.
Robert Sroka. Samoregulacja biznesowa w zakresie etyki biznesu firm zachodnich jako odpowiedź na łamanie praw pracowniczych w Chinach [Business self-regulation in terms of business ethics of Western companies as a response to violation of employee rights in China] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, „Człowiek i Społeczeństwo” vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [Between China and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018, pp. 145–158, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.Salary that does not meet basic life needs, working conditions that threaten life and health, employing children, forced labor, lack of freedom of association, long hours of work, destroying the environment, widespread corruption is just the beginning of a long list of unethical behaviors of companies in China, as well as Western companies producing in China.Under the pressure of non-governmental organizations and consumer boycotts in Europe and the USA, business self-regulatory initiatives have been created to raise working conditions at Chinese suppliers. The most popular self-regulations initiatives in terms of business ethics are: Ethical Trade Initiative (ETI), Business Social Compliance Initiative (amforiBSCI), Social Accountability 8000 (SA8000), International Council of Toy Industries (ICTI). Conducting research on self-regulation in the field of business ethics of Western companies operating in China, I analyze three issues. The first is to describe the source of the need to apply such self-regulatory initiatives, which is the outsourcing business strategy. The second element is to define the minimum rules that are broken due to the use of an outsourcing strategy. The third point of consideration is the presentation of the self-regulatory initiatives.
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