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Joseph Conrad in the light of postcolonialism

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Vogel D.

Yearbook of Conrad Studies

2012

vol. 7

This article consists of two parts. The first part presents the main concepts and facts connected with the development of postcolonial studies as a relatively new academic discipline, while the second part discusses Conrad’s two ‘African’ works, which - containing as they do an implicit critique of colonialism and imperialism - are now seen as being one of the very first ‘postcolonial’ books. Over the last thirty years, postcolonial studies have not only gained the status of an academic discipline, but have become one of the main schools of literary criticism. The postcolonial approach is also critical towards those systems of presenting the world that have existed for decades and have thus come to be regarded as being natural; it undermines their position and shows that they are nothing but ideological discourses which have been created by world empires. To a great extent, postcolonial theory has relied on existing theories for its methodology and terminology. On the one hand it relies on Marxism, while on the other it leans towards poststructuralism and postmodernism. Postcolonial theory also participates in discussions concerning the position of the Other (Spivak). As well as outlining the framework of postcolonial theory, it is important that we define such terms as ‘colonial’ and ‘postcolonial’ literature. In her book entitled Colonial and Postcolonial Fiction (1995), Elleke Boehmer suggests limiting the field of research in order to concentrate on the modern colonial empires that have emerged over the last four or five centuries, laying particular emphasis on the British Empire, as it was here that the greatest textualization of the idea of colonial expansion took place. The terms ‘colonial’ and ‘post-colonial’ are understood differently in The Empire Writes Back (1989), whose authors (Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin) suggest that the the term ‘post-colonial’ should refer to all cultures affected by imperial expansion - from the beginnings of colonization to the present day - arguing that the expansion of colonial empires in previous centuries exerted a considerable influence on historical processes that have lasted down to our own times. Because these definitions of post(-)colonial literature do not encompass such phenomena as the literatures of multicultural metropolies or literatures going beyond the realm of the English language or beyond the literature of British or French colonialism, critics now often prefer to use expressions such as ‘literature in English’, ‘French-language literature’ or ‘literature of the Caribbean’ (which indicate the language or the region where a given type of literature has emerged) instead of the term ‘postcolonial literature’. Most contemporary scholars see Conrad as being one of the first postcolonial writers - someone who criticized the ruthless colonial expansion of European empires and the concept of the “White Man’s Burden”. The works which attract particular attention are, of course, those which relate to Conrad’s African experience: An Outpost of Progress and the excellent, albeit overexploited novella Heart of Darkness, which - despite its having been mentioned and referred to so many times by postcolonial critics - still evokes a great deal of controversy. In 1975 the Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe famously declared Joseph Conrad to be “a bloody racist”. Since the publication of Achebe’s An image of Africa many scholars have defended the position of Conrad as one of the chief opponents of colonialism, stressing the fictitious nature of Heart of Darkness, its experimental narration and its metaphorical and symbolic character. This controversy has by no means been laid to rest.

The Conradian 'Shadow-line' in Selected Works by Stanisław Lem

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Vogel D.

Yearbook of Conrad Studies

2017

vol. 12

133-149

Joseph Conrad wrote The Shadow-Line. A Confession at the end of 1916, when Europe was in the middle of the Great War. As he mentions in the “Author’s Note” (written in 1920), the purpose of the work was to present certain events connected with the passage from youth to maturity. However, in the course of time the expression “shadow line” gained more universal meaning, and now the phrase “to cross the shadow-line” refers not only to crossing the border between youth and maturity, but to passing from one period of life into another. The literary output of Joseph Conrad, had considerable influence not only on his contemporaries or immediate followers, but on the modern artists as well. One of them was Stanisław Lem-philosopher, essayist, author of excellent Science-Fiction novels and short stories, peopled with such characters as Ijon Tichy, Professor Tarantoga or the unforgettable Pirx the pilot. Although in his works Lem, save a few exceptions, does not make direct references to Joseph Conrad and his fiction, Conradian motifs can be traced in most of his novels. One of them is the motif of crossing the shadow-line, noticeable in such works as Return from the Stars, The Invincible, Tales of Pirx the Pilot. The article shows how the author of Solaris used the motif of Conradian “shadow-line” to present the difficult moments, decisions and dilemmas of his protagonists.

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Joseph Conrad in the light of postcolonialism

The Conradian 'Shadow-line' in Selected Works by Stanisław Lem