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1

Kasztel w Murowanej Goślinie. Odkrycie nieznanego dworu obronnego

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Borwiński J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2015

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issue 2

133-142

EN

In 2004 L. Kajzer wrote a remark that rightly identifies the scope of interest of architecture researchers: “Castles erected by rulers, secular aristocracy and clergy, are not only the largest residential and defensive seats... The medieval Poland’s architectural landscape was not limited to residences of great oligarchs and peasant cottages... Not only massive fortified residences or castles with a purely military character were erected, but also smaller residential complexes, whose fortification was an element required by conventions of the time... Therefore, our range of knowledge about smaller residences, that is, various types of manors and fortifications is worse... they were more exposed to complete damage and disregard.” An ancient, huge fortified manor in Murowana Goślina – this is what it should be called like – has been raised from the depths of negligence, owing to current studies. An original manor building was erected on a more complicated and richer plan than the surviving palace. The existing cellar in a south-western corner was originally a surface part of the corner extension. Similar remains of walls under the ground were found in south-eastern and south-western corners. They constitute lower fragments of the remaining corner extensions. Therefore, this was a building erected on a rectangular floor plan, with an avant-corps in the middle of a western façade and with corner extensions. During architectural studies carried out in 2013 breakthrough discoveries were made, which allow formulating farreaching conclusions that trigger new research findings. A relic of a wall in Gothic style, discovered in the cellar, justifies the hypothesis of the existence in Middle Ages of a town owner’s residence made of stone, with a probably defensive character, in place of the current palace. Perhaps it was a tower building. The structure of a discovered early modern building (forms and materials used) allowed researchers to classify it as a stone manor with corner extensions. Therefore, it is a castellum. Due to its evidently defensive character, the former local tradition applied a customary name of a castle, which is wrong from the scientific point of view. Castles have yards, while castellums do not. Therefore, by relying only on written sources historians must have been wrong while using the name “castle.” Thorough reconstructions carried out in the 19th century transformed the original castellum to such an extent that they cleared the tracks of the old fortification. Therefore, the building has been recorded in historiography as a palace built in 1841. As a result of the latest studies, it has been proved it was not so. The walls of a defensive manor house from the 16th or the first half of the 17th century, covered by new costumes of particular styles, reach much higher than today’s surface.

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ZABYTKOWE KLASYCYSTYCZNE DRZWI DREWNIANE W BUDYNKU PRZY RYNKU W KÓRNIKU

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Borwiński J.

Pamiętnik Biblioteki Kórnickiej

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2015

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issue 32

143-147

XX

The door is made of pine wood, and has a single leaf with four panels. The leafs dimensions are 182 x 98 cm. Doors of this type were used as early as in the times of antiquity. In Poland, they appeared by the end ofthe 15th century. A similar door existed in the attic ofthe building at ul. Wrocławska 16 in Pozna in the 18th century. Many examples have survived in Germany. Iron fittings are the characteristic dating feature. The form of the hinges of the Kórnik door is very similar to that of the hinges used in the door in the 18th century manor house at ul. Szyperska 9 in Poznań. The manor house is a well-preserved example of architecture from this period. Colour is a vital element of research. The original layer at the side of the dwelling room was green. Morphological analysis has dated it to the turn ofthe 19th century. The above was confirmed dendrochronologically - the timber was cut after 1787. The joinery is of considerable importance for research in the fields of architecture and our material culture.

3

Kanonia i mury obronne przy ul. Ostrów Tumski 11 w Poznaniu. Nowe ustalenia naukowe

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Borwiński J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2015

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issue 1

183-194

EN

The canonry building at 11, Ostrów Tumski Street in Poznań is situated on the western side of Ostrów. A one-floor building on the plan of an extended rectangle, with a tall, hip roof. The subject of defensive walls and canonries has been explored by many researchers since early 19th century. Those who wrote about them included Józef Łukaszewicz in 1838, the priest Józef Nowacki in 1959, Izabela Jasiecka and Henryk Kondziela in 1965, Eugeniusz Linette in 1983, Konrad Lutuński, Piotr Budzian and Alicja Karłowska-Kamzowa in 1990, Antoni Kąsinowski in 2005, Tomasz Ratajczak in 2008. All of them related both investments to the activity of Bishop Lubrański in the 16th century. It was only Professor Hanna Kočka-Krenz who, in 2006, posed a thesis that the construction of the walls had begun earlier. The architectural research conducted in 2014 by Jerzy Borwiński – in consideration of the fact that the elevation has recently been plastered – was limited to some parts of the interior of the building. After the examination of the roof structure, it was found that the carpenter’s marks in the southern and northern part are made in different systems and that the two, edge top trusses are missing. The research has shown that the present architectural form of the building of Ostrów Tumski 11 canonry in Poznań is a result of the construction modifications in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. In the main, those modifications involved adopting the structure of a much older Gothic construction. The most important conclusions drawn out of the research are as follows: the longer, western wall of the building rested on a former defensive wall. The Gothic structure had vertical gables topped triangularly or step-like, in the Gothic convention. The windows in the Gothic building had an axis layout different from the present window openings from the 18th century. There were profiled, beam ceilings over all rooms of the Gothic part of the building. It was determined that the major development of the canonry was in the 19th century, when the northern part of the building was added. The evidence of that is a seam in the walls of the ground floor, block threads of the brick walls, dendrochronological dating of the roof structure, as well as chamfered ceilings over the ground floor, typical of that period. In the dating of the Gothic canonry examined in 2014, in addition to many new discoveries, the complex examination of the roof structure was of a high importance. It was found that there are two completely independent structures on the building. It was confirmed by the conducted dendrochronological analysis of the samples of wood. The wood used in the southern (Gothic) structure was made of the pines cut down in 1476. On the other hand, the wood used in the northern structure comes from the wood of the same type cut down in 1749 and 1750. The Gothic structure of the canonry was made in queenpost structure with lying queen posts. Such systems became popular in our area as late as in the 16th century. Thus, it is possible that we are dealing with a pioneer solution in the territory of Poznań. Consequently, the history of constructions of defensive walls in Ostrów Tumski and the activity of Bishop Jan Lubrański, who did not begin the investment, but only continued the work of his predecessors.

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3 2015

Kasztel w Murowanej Goślinie. Odkrycie nieznanego dworu obronnego

ZABYTKOWE KLASYCYSTYCZNE DRZWI DREWNIANE W BUDYNKU PRZY RYNKU W KÓRNIKU

Kanonia i mury obronne przy ul. Ostrów Tumski 11 w Poznaniu. Nowe ustalenia naukowe