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Patriotyzm w etyce tomistycznej

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Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2019
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vol. 8
229-239
EN
St. Thomas Aquinas did not actually take the subject of patriotism in his deliberations. However, in Summa theologiae he discussed the virtue of piety, which is expressed in love, and estimates love for one’s parents and one’s homeland. Thus, it can be concluded that for Thomas piety is patriotism. In the twentieth century, some followers of Aquinas undertook thoughts about patriotism. Significant studies of this topic are the texts of J.M. Bocheński and J. Woroniecki. In their texts they discuss such issues as: the essence of patriotism, patriotic education, difference between patriotism and chauvinism or nationalism. Woroniecki believed that the family is the first school of patriotism. Bocheński however, while developing the concept of patriotism in Woroniecki’s approach, focuses on the issue of education of a patriotic attitude. For this reason, in the educational process, he takes human powers: intellect, will and senses, into account and gives specific suggestions for their „cultivation”.
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Filozoficzne aspekty człowieczeństwa w ujęciu J.M. Bocheńskiego

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Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2020
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vol. 1
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issue 9
291-300
EN
The content of the article concerns the philosophical views of the famous Dominican J. Bocheński on the structure of human existence. Bocheński himself divided his work into the neo-romantic and analytical periods. The article uses this division and focuses more on Bocheński’s later philosophical views. One of the reasons was that his neotomistic anthropological views had already been discussed in the book K. Policki, entitled: The philosophy of man in the early work of J.I.M. Bocheński. The presented article presents the structural elements of man, along with his powers. Then it deals with topics related to humanity. That is why the following parts of the paper are devoted to various areas of human activity and humanism. It seems that despite the changes in his philosophical views declared by Bocheński, he still remained an Aristotelian. It is manifested in the way of perceiving man from the perspective of his essence and accepting the spiritual and body unity. Moreover, Bocheński adopts the hegemony of the intellect in human activities (despite the declaration that, according to him, man does not differ from an animal). Since Bocheński readily expressed mutually exclusive views, it should be emphasized that establishing his position on the metaphysical structure of man is not an easy task.
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Sprawozdanie z sympozjum naukowego „Tomizm konsekwentny” – 18 listopada 2017 roku

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Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2018
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vol. 7
351-353
PL
W dniu 18 listopada 2017 roku w gmachu UKSW przy ul. Wóycickiego 1/3 odbyło się sympozjum naukowe, zatytułowane Tomizm konsekwentny. Sympozjum było połączone z XI. edycją wręczania Nagród im. Profesora Mieczysława Gogacza za najlepsze prace, poświęcone myśli tomistycznej.
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Recenzja: Włodzimierz Galewicz, Studia z klasycznej etyki greckiej, Kęty 2020, Wydawnictwo Marek Derewiecki, stron 235

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Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2021
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vol. 10
281-285
PL
Profesor Galewicz w swoim opracowaniu skupił się na etycznych poglądach dwóch kluczowych filozofów starożytnych, których stanowiska zaważyły na filozofii w ogóle. Chodzi tu mianowicie o Platona i Arystotelesa.
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Sprawozdanie z przyznania Nagród im prof. Mieczysława Gogacza za najlepsze prace magisterskie z tomizmu 21 listopada 2020

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Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2021
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vol. 10
255-257
PL
W dniu 21 listopada 2020 r. miała odbyć się coroczna (już XIV) gala Nagrody im. Profesora Mieczysława Gogacza oraz z tradycyjne Sympozjum Tomistyczne. Jednakże przedłużające się w związku z ogłoszonym stanem pandemii ograniczenia uniemożliwiły zorganizowanie uroczystości w murach UKSW. Dlatego też Kapituła Nagrody zdecydowała się przyznać wyróżnienia z jednoczesnym odroczeniem (wstępnie na 27 listopada 2021 r., łącząc XIV i XV edycję Nagrody) ich uroczystego wręczenia.
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Etyka a filozofia moralna. Problem podobieństw i różnic w filozoficznym ujęciu moralności pomiędzy Arystotelesem i Tomaszem z Akwinu

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Andrzejuk I.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
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2010
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vol. 38
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issue 4
51-67
EN
The article considers the ethical views of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas. It focuses on Saint Thomas’s adaptation of Aristotle’s ethical theory. The most important issue in this regard is the structure man. By proposing the essential structure of man, Aristotle stresses his spiritual and physical nature and explains both change and identity in an individual. However, Aquinas changed Aristotle’s theory of substance fundamentally by introducing the concept of existence as the first act of being. The notions of freedom, will, synderesis and conscience are crucial in perceiving man as a subject of moral actions. By introducing the concepts of synderesis and conscience Aquinas changes the representation of man in the context of his actions. By emphasising the will as the power responsible for intellectual desire, he makes it easier to explain the proper improvement of man in choosing the means to reach his final end. After analysing the views of Aquinas and Aristotle one can conclude that the essential view on human structure does not lead to the issue of the person. The existential view of the structure of man makes it possible to explain the immortality of the human soul, and creates a space for relations between God and man. It seems therefore that the different starting points of Aristotle and Aquinas with regard to the structure of man led them to different conclusions in the field of moral philosophy.
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Mieczysław Gogacz’s anthropological explanation for the existence of angels

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Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2022
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issue 11
31-37
PL
Mieczysław Gogacz, twórca tomizmu konsekwentnego, zaproponował własne, oryginalne uzasadnienie istnienia aniołów. W ramach tego uzasadnienia, zauważa, że o zewnętrznych przyczynach człowieka możemy mówić wtedy, gdy ujmiemy strukturę bytu ludzkiego genetycznie (od strony powiązań i zależno-ści między wewnętrznymi elementami strukturalnymi człowieka). W ten sposób dochodzimy do stwierdzenia, że specyficzna struktura człowieka daje się wyjaśnić tylko przez dostrzeżenie przyczyn zewnętrznych jego wewnętrznych pryncypiów (istnienia oraz istoty). Inne przyczyny powodują jego istnienie i inne wpływają na kształt istoty. Skoro w obrębie istoty człowieka dostrzegamy złożenie z duszy i ciała, to oznacza, że przyczynami celowymi duszy – na miarę niematerialnego skutku – muszą być jakieś substancje niematerialne (podobnie jak niematerialna jest dusza człowieka). W ten sposób możemy mówić o aniołach jako realnie istniejących bytach i przyczynach celowych ludzkiej duszy.
EN
Professor Mieczysław Gogacz, the renowned philosopher and founder of the recent version of Thomism – the Consistent Thomism 1, claims that angels are the final causes (causa finalis) of human soul. He derives his conception from the principle, characteristic not only for Thomism but also for the entire classical philosophy, which says that for the existent results we respectively search the prior causes. Ultimately, such established philosophical stance regards searching for causes and asking about causes. Hence in analysing the problem of final causes understood as the external causes which constitute the essence of human being, it is worth to define the scope of the research. First of all, we search for the answer to the question about the causes of human being, therefore metaphysics of real beings is the area of our study, what results in further implications. Primarly, we need to acknowledge that each essential state or activity inevitably must possess its real cause in another being. When we notice there is no such cause it means that we encounter the subsistent being (ens subsistens). It belongs to the essence of the method of metaphysics to demand theses cause to be indicated. Metaphysical methodology, when applied consequently, allows to claim that within the area of human being, reality is that what the essence exclusively receives from its existence (esse). Consequently, there must be some other causes that constitute the essence in its internal content, endowed with an act and potency (potentia), both spiritual and material. The aim of this paper is to follow the thought of Gogacz exactly in the area of discovering the role of angels as causes for the particular development of human soul. Therefore Gogacz’s proposal becomes the „proof for the existence of angels”, on the basis that each thing in order to act and cause results must, first of all, exist.
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Oblicza umiarkowania. Cnota skromności w aretologii Tomasza z Akwinu

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Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2022
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issue 11
147-158
EN
The paper presents an analysis of Thomas’ thought on the virtue of modesty and shows its relation to temperance and nobility. The matter of modesty is of lesser importance in the ethics of Thomas Aquinas. The virtue of modesty is subordinated to the virtue of temperance and its role is to help us shape our external steps and actions in order. When speaking of modesty Thomas willingly turns to the views of Cicero and Andronicus. In the Summa, in its parts dedicated to temperance, Aquinas analyses all kinds of modesty. Important among them is humility, which directly pertains to temperance. Its subject is to regulate our desire to be exceptional. Hence, humility gives us ability to proper self-esteem. All other virtues, which are kinds of modesty, regulate: our longing to knowledge, attitude toward neighbours, ways of spending our leisure time, ways of dressing up. Thomas points out in his texts that the process of achieving the virtue of modesty is not a complicated task, because its object does not cause any particular difficulties. Not as in the case of moderation, which needs auxiliary virtues in order to restraint our strong natural craving.
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Przyjemność i radość. Recenzja: Magdalena Płotka, Tomasz z Akwinu. O przyjemności, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UKSW, Warszawa 2021, ss. 193

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Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2022
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issue 11
391-396
EN
Magdalena Płotka, known for numerous publications regarding the philosophical thought of the medieval ages, this time analyses the matter of pleasure in the texts of Aquinas. The book is an extensive study of this topic and the Author herself attempts to show the referred matter in an organised way, with a coherent language, quoting a various bibliography of the subject (for the most part in English-language). The discussed book consists of: the introduction, particular chapters which are seven in numbers, the ending and practical appendices such as the index of abbreviations, bibliography and the index of names. The first chapter titled Przyjemność i jej postacie (Pleasure and Its Shapes), contains the preliminary statements which are further developed in details in the following chapters. At first, the Latin terms which are employed by Aquinas when he speaks of pleasure are enumerated. In the second chapter Magdalena Płotka analyses the topic of pleasure as feeling. Above all she speaks of feelings of the appetitive faculty and then she turns to the comparative study of pleasure and joy. The purpose of this comparison is to answer the question whether we may classify them – pleasure and joy – as feelings. Next, the third chapter, titled: Formalno-materialna struktura przyjemności (Formal-material structure of pleasure) is dedicated to a comparative study between pleasure spiritual and corporeal. In the fourth chapter we find issues regarding the reason and purpose (aim) of pleasure. The fifth chapter offers study on the moral context of pleasure. In this chapter there are included such topics as eutrapelia and sexual pleasure. In the sixth chapter the Author speaks of issues regarding the aesthetic dimension of pleasure. It poses a question whether beauty can be a source of pleasure and in what way. The last, seventh chapter, concerns the topic of pleasure which is the participation of the saved. Thereby the entire domain of responses of human appetitive faculty has been explained, encompassing also the whole human compositum including human condition after death.
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Podstawy filozofii wychowania. Recenzja: Mikołaj Krasnodębski, Antropologia edukacji - wybrane aporie w świetle filozofii klasycznej, Głogów 2018

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Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2018
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vol. 7
397-402
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Rola przyjaźni w wychowaniu człowieka

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Andrzejuk I.
Studia Philosophiae Christianae
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2011
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vol. 47
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issue 2
231-241
EN
In the paper the question of the role of friendship in education is considered from the point of view of philosophical realism. Friendship and education are topics of pedagogy. Pedagogy, in turn, is based on philosophy of human nature and ethics. Mieczysław Gogacz discusses the issue of education in the context of personal relationships. The basis of personal relationships are transcendental qualities. Reality (being real) as a property of being is the principle of friendship – an important relationship in human education.
PL
Zagadnienie roli przyjaźni w wychowaniu zostało zaprezentowane w artykule w oparciu o klasyczną filozofię realistyczną. Przyjaźń i wychowanie należą do tematów pedagogicznych. Pedagogika z kolei posługuje się filozofią człowieka i etyką. M. Gogacz podejmuje i omawia problematykę wychowania w kontekście relacji osobowych. Za podstawę relacji osobowych Gogacz przyjmuje własności istnieniowe (przejawy istnienia). Na istnieniowej własności realności buduje się relacja przyjaźni, która jest odmianą miłości osobowej. Wydaje się, że ze względu na swój charakter (pełna bezinteresowność, wzajemność i podobieństwo w dobrym postępowaniu) przyjaźń jest ważną relacją w procesie wychowania człowieka.
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Antropologiczne aspekty doświadczenia mistycznego w ujęciu Mieczysława Gogacza

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Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2021
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vol. 10
195-211
EN
Mieczysław Gogacz, the founder of consequent Thomism, is also known for his original concept of mystical experience. In his opinion, mystical experience is a passive experience of the existence of God by the mean of potential intellect of a man. In this account, mystical experience is a relationship that connects two beings: God and man. This means that the nature of mystical experience will depend precisely on the people who are engaged in it. It further follows that our understanding of the mystical experience will depend on the anthropology and theodicy. In order to understand Gogacz’s concept of mystical experience, the following issues in his anthropology seem to be of key importance: a. the concept of man as a person; b. the problem of manifestations of existence that constitute the basis for establishing personal relationships; c. the subject of personal relations as connections between real rational beings; d. the problem of indistinct cognition as a passive experience by the potential intellect of the principles of the cognized being (the word of the heart). The groups of issues mentioned above are also one of the most significant elements of consequent Thomism.
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Filozoficzne podłoże mistyki św. Jana od Krzyża

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Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2018
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vol. 7
229-240
EN
The article contains a philosophical analysis of some aspects of the mysticism of St. John of the Cross. St. Jan was not a philosopher, but he used philosophical views in his ascetic and mystical views. The article is built in sucha a way that it brings out the philosophical content of the well-known Carmelite. First of all, the article focuses on John’s metaphysical views which are conainted in his writings. Next, the basics of the concept of man (philosophical anthropology) is discussed. After that, the problem of human cognition and the man’s way of getting to know God is presented. The issues of cognition turned out to be the most comprehensive subject matter, because it is the issus that Saint John devoted the most space in his works. This is understandable, because the aim of the Spanish mystic was to allow his readers to show a reliable way to unite with God. As a result of the analysis, it turned out that Saint John of the Cross captures reality with the help of philosophy, which is a certain mix of Neoplatonic, Aristotelian and Thomistic threads.
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Tomizm konsekwentny. Sprawozdanie z Sympozjum tomistycznego, połączonego z wręczeniem Nagród im. Mieczysława Gogacza - 16 listopada 2019 roku

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Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2020
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vol. 2
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issue 9
265-267
PL
W dniu 16 listopada 2019 roku w gmachu UKSW w Warszawie odbyło się kolejne już Sympozjum Tomistyczne, zatytułowane Tomizm konsekwentny. Było ono dedykowane prof. Gogaczowi z okazji 93. rocznicy jego urodzin. Tradycyjnie już sympozjum było połączone z uroczystością wręczania nagród za najlepsze prace magisterskie, poświęcone myśli tomistycznej.
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Jedność kontemplacji i działania w życiu Wandy Malczewskiej

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Janik-Czachor M., Andrzejuk I.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2021
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vol. 10
147-162
EN
The life of Wanda Malczewska provides a perfect example of how a life of contemplation, or vita contemplativa, can be harmoniously combined with one of social action, or vita activa. This distinguished Polish mystic, born in Radom in 1822, always managed to reconcile prayer and personal communion with God with her work on behalf of others. Malczewska was both an ardent Christian and a patriot. Her love of God and of her neighbours impelled her to perform acts of mercy on a large scale, bringing relief to those in need, and in this work she was tireless: she taught children and teens, with a view towards their future; she gave financial help to those who couldn’t afford schooling; she cared for and supported the broken in spirit; she instructed the unskilled; she acted as mediator, reconciling embittered married couples and feuding neighbours. In a word – she was an extraordinary character, completely devoted to serving God and her fellows. She lived in times that were difficult for Poland and the Polish people, when their country had been partitioned. This fact further hindered the many difficult tasks she had set herself, for the occupying powers introduced various restrictions aimed at weakening or eliminating Polish culture. At the time of her death in 1896, Wanda Malczewska was already popularly considered to be a saint. Efforts to have her so declared officially were commenced in 1924 by Father Grzegorz Augustynik, who had known Malczewska personally and was convinced of her saintliness. On 26 June 2006, Pope Benedict XVI authorised the promulgation of a decree on the heroic virtues of Servant of God Wanda Malczewska. This was an important decision in light of the efforts being made to bring the process of beatification of this exceptional person to a fruitful conclusion.
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