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EN
This paper addresses the issue of assessing the criterion of selectivity of an aid scheme which is an aid measure subject to Article 107 (1) TFEU. At the same time, this work provides case commentary on the hitherto newest decision of the Court of Justice in that regard, i.e. the Judgment of the Court of 16 March 2021 in C-562/19 P European Commission v the Republic of Poland (Polish tax on the retail sector, EU:C:2021:201), together with a summary of the case-law of the Court on selectivity until now. The law is stated as it stood on 31 March 2021.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie zagadnienia sposobu badania selektywności programu pomocy, który jest środkiem pomocy państwa w rozumieniu art. 107 ust. 1 Traktatu o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej1. Jednocześnie praca ta stanowi glosę do obecnie najnowszej wypowiedzi TSUE w tym przedmiocie, czyli do wyroku z dnia 16 marca 2021 r. w sprawie C-562/19 P Komisja Europejska v. Rzeczpospolita Polska2 (podatek od sprzedaży detalicznej), wraz z omówieniem dotychczasowego dorobku orzecznictwa. Artykuł odnosi się do stanu prawa i orzecznictwa na dzień 31 marca 2021 r.
EN
Due to the lack of any possibility of judicial review of the creation of a Natura 2000 area under Polish law, the individual concerned finds oneself in the situation depicted by the ECHR in Andersson, which, in turn, has been noted by the academia and the Polish Ombudsman, to no legislative changes — which mirrors the thesis of the paper. As the law stands, an individual cannot at times pursue any legal remedy, compensation included. The author postulates to amend Article 129 of the Polish Law on the Protection of Environment to enable individuals to claim legal losses incurred because of a Natura 2000 area and to, in any event, allow full judicial review and compensation.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł rozważa kwestie podatku od towarów i usług rządzonego w prawie polskim ustawą z dnia 11 marca 2004 roku o podatku od towarów i usług, w związku z Dyrektywą Rady 2006/112/WE z dnia 28 listopada 2006 r. w sprawie wspólnego systemu podatku od wartości dodanej względem rekompensaty płatnej podmiotowi, którego jedynym wspólnikiem (akcjonariuszem) jest jednostka samorządu terytorialnego, takiemu jak spółka komunalna, wtedy gdy taki podmiot świadczy usługę w ogólnym interesie gospodarczym (UOIG) poddaną art. 106 ust. 2 TFUE. Niniejszy artykuł powraca do tychże zagadnień na kanwie ostatniego orzecznictwa polskich sądów administracyjnych oraz Trybunału Sprawiedliwości. Stan prawny na dzień 30 listopada 2021 roku.
EN
This paper shall consider the issues of Value Added Tax (podatek od towarów usług) governed in Poland by the Act of 11 March 2004 on VAT and taken together with Council Directive 2006/112/EC of 28 November 2006 on the common system of value added tax vis-à-vis compensation payable to a body that is wholly owned by a local authority (jednostka samorządu terytorialnego), such as a municipal company, and where that body provides a service of general economic interest (a SGEI) subject to Article 106 (2) TFEU. This paper revisits those issues in light of the recent case-law of Polish administrative courts and the case-law of the Court of Justice. The law is stated as it stood on 30 November 2021.
PL
Niniejsza praca ma na celu rozważenie koncepcji Unii opartej na rządach prawa, obecnej w prawie Unii Europejskiej, w ramach orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej. Autor podejmuje się analizy ilościowej oraz jakościowej i oceny wskazanego zagadnienia, katalogując ponad 120 poszczególnych orzeczeń Trybunału odnoszących się do „rządów prawa” w powyższym znaczeniu (w tym rozważając 95 przypadków, w których omawiane zagadnienie zostało rozważone co do istoty). W ten sposób pytanie badawcze niniejszej pracy brzmi — czy twierdzenie procesowe i argumentacja oparte na „rządach prawa” mają jakiekolwiek szczególne znaczenie dla skarżącego co do prawdopodobieństwa uzyskania korzystnego rozstrzygnięcia przed Trybunałem?
Prawo
|
2015
|
issue 317
147 - 159
EN
This paper addresses the concept of a purely internal situation, present in the law of the European Union, and the influence of the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the case Åklagaren v Hans Åkerberg Fransson on the content and scope thereof. The paper is specifically meant to address a new basis to negate purely internal situations, when the level of protection of the CFR and the principles of primacy, unity and effectiveness of EU law so require. Additionally, the paper herein outlines the notion of an action not entirely determined by EU law, which appeared in Fransson. The jurisprudence of the CJEU is cited extensively in order to trace the origins and development of the concept of a purely internal situation.
EN
The work submitted herein aims to address the question of effectiveness of EU law. Effectiveness of that law is subject to an ongoing controversy, as there is no agreement in legal literature either on the legal status of effectiveness or its use by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The author undertakes to outline the grounding of effectiveness in EU law in relation to both written law and jurisprudence of the Court. The work assumes the use of the descriptive approach in the legal doctrine, specifically the explanatory non-normative legal doctrine by A.R. Mackor. In this manner, this paper elects to present descriptive statements with extensive use of the Court’s case law as a feature to establish the content of applicable law. This work takes account of the law and jurisprudence as they were on 11th of October 2015.
PL
This paper addresses the issue of national identity, a legal concept found under Article 4(2) of the Treaty on European Union, while assessing the so-called ‘relocation’ regime, introduced by the European Union to address the recent migratorypressure on Italy and Greece. Descriptive approach is used in regard to methodology and attention is given to the case law of the CJEU.
PL
W artykule odniesiono się do nowego rozporządzenia w przedmiocie pomocy de minimis w prawie Unii Europejskiej i wprowadzonego do niego pojęcia „przedsiębiorstwa”. Opisano w nim przymioty przedsiębiorstwa i kryteria uznawania różnych jednostek gospodarczych za jedno przedsiębiorstwo na potrzeby pomocy de minimis.
EN
This paper addresses the new de minimis regulation and outlines the concept of an undertaking, which is used by this regulation. The paper catalogues the features of an undertaking and discusses the new possibilities of classifying an enterprise as a single undertaking for the purposes of de minimis aid.
EN
This article addresses the issue of whether EU State aid granted for the purposes of promoting culture and heritage conservation is subject to the prohibition of Article 107(1) TFEU and its derogations. Specifically, the article outlines the problem of “economic activity”, and hence being an “undertaking” insofar as regards bodies operating in the field of culture and heritage conservation (e.g. museums). It covers the European Commission’s approach thereto, together with its decisions made in the field of State aid, as well as the relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (particularly examining the impact of the MOTOE decision for the topic at issue). The article offers a critical assessment of the Commission’s approach, positing that it is not in line with Article 107(1) TFEU as it is currently interpreted by the Court, and is at odds with the Commission’s own 2016 Notice on the notion of State aid.
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