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Narodowy Bank Polski wobec transformacji ustrojowej: pozycja prawna – organizacja – funkcje

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Myślak E.
Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
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2013
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issue 4
121-142
EN
The central bank of a country is closely related to its economy, in particular to one aspect, namely monetary policy. The political transformation that began in Poland in the 1980s brought about changes to the political, social and economic system. The reality of a free market economy challenged the National Bank of Poland (NBP), creating conditions different to those of a centrally planned economy. The status, tasks and internal organization of the NBP, the central bank of Poland since 1945, evolved along the same lines as other elements of the state system. Modern legal solutions are based on the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997 and the Law on the National Bank of Poland of August 29, 1997. They give the central bank of Poland the status of one of the most independent central banks in the world. This is primarily illustrated by the constitutional ban on the bank’s direct financing of the budget deficit and ensuring the bank’s right to independently shaping and executing monetary policy. The ultimate result of the political transformation was the designation of the NBP’s functions in the Constitution of Poland: the exclusive right to issue money, formulate and implement monetary policy, and to bear responsibility for the value of the Polish currency. The Law on the National Bank of Poland from 1997 complemented the above provisions with an obligation to support the economic policy of the government, provided that this does not restrict the fundamental goals of the Bank. Given the current legal solutions, the NBP as the central bank performs three fundamental functions: that of an issuing bank, the bank of banks, and the central bank of the state. The internal structure of the Bank has also been altered: one-man management has been replaced with an actual tripartite division of power vested to three organs: the President, the Monetary Policy Council and the Board, which has resulted in a deconcentration of power. At present, the NBP enjoys a high position in the structure of the organs of the state. Including it in the Constitution has concluded the period of evolution, transformation and seeking the best place for the Polish central bank.
2
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Instytucje demokracji bezpośredniej w szwajcarskim modelu demokracji konsensualnej

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Myślak E.
Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
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2012
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issue 3(21)
119-132
EN
Direct democracy institutions – referendum and citizens’ initiative – played an important role in establishing procedure of consensual democracy in Switzerland. They contributed to social integration and peaceful coexistence of different cultural, linguistic and religious group. The modern Swiss state, however, faces with the problem of the misuse of direct democracy institutions as campaign tools, platforms proclaiming populist slogans and forms of strengthen party’s image and position on political scene. This socio -political phenomenon stands in opposition to the main idea of the Swiss state – achieving consensus and compromise – causing sharp divisions in society and conflicts in political life.
3
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Selected aspects of the independence of the National Bank of Poland in the context of Polish political practice

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Myślak E.
Przegląd Politologiczny
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2013
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issue 3
173-182
PL
Niezależność banku centralnego jest pojęciem złożonym i wielostronnym, a jego podstawową przesłanką jest dbałość o wartość współczesnego pieniądza i założenie, że autonomiczny bank jest bardziej odporny na oddziaływanie pozostałych uczestników życia polityczno-gospodarczego. Przyjęte w Polsce rozwiązania ustrój owo-prawne gwarantująNarodowemu Bankowi Polskiemu wysoką pozycję w strukturze organów państwa oraz duży stopnień niezależności w trzech podstawowych aspektach:personalnej, finansowej i funkcjonalnej. Świadczy o tym zarówno sposób powoływania organów banku centralnego i ich kadencyjność, kompetencja wyłącznego prawa do ustalania i realizowania polityki pieniężnej, zakaz bezpośredniego finansowania przez bank centralny deficytu budżetowego oraz w znacznym stopniu ograniczony nadzór Sejmu i rządu nad działalnością NBP. W obliczu prób pozbawienia choćby części autonomii NBP warto podkreślić, że polityka monetarna dla swej skuteczności wymaga realizowania celów długofalowych, co stoi w sprzeczności z krótkoterminową polityką rządu zdeterminowaną programem politycznym i kalendarium wyborów. Potwierdził to wyrok Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w sprawie bankowej komisji śledczej wskazując na niezależność Narodowego Banku Polskiego oraz jego uprawnienie do realizacji autonomicznej polityki pieniężnej wolnej od wpływów politycznych, co stanowi gwarancję wartości polskiego złotego.
EN
Central bank – the fourth estate – is the decisive entity for the issue of money and the obligation to protect its value, provided, however, that at the same time it retains independence in three main areas: personal, financial and functional. The political system and legal solutions adopted in Poland provide the National Bank of Poland with a high position in the structure of state bodies and a large degree of independence. Unsuccessful attempts to deprive the autonomy of National Bank of Poland showed that Poland is a country of law and confirmed the independence of the Polish National Bank, and its right to carry out an autonomous monetary policy free from political influence, which is a guarantee of the value of the Polish zloty.
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