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DWIE EUROPEJSKIE PERYFERIE: PORÓWNANIE MIGRACJI PORTUGALSKICH I POLSKICH OD XVI WIEKU DO WIELKIEJ WOJNY

100%

Walaszek A.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

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2013

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vol. 39

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issue 2(148)

15-50

EN

The article is an attempt at comparing the Polish and Portuguese migration experiences in the period of great labor migration until 1914. The periods of Portugal’s establishment of its colonial empire in the sixteenth century and the period of the Polish expansion east, to Rus in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries have been juxtaposed before. In the Time of Troubles Polish literature promoting eastward expansion quite directly referred to the examples of India’s or America’s colonization. In the nineteenth century the reasons for emigration from the two distant parts of Europe were similar (overpopulation, economic underdevelopment), the destinations were different, however. The Portuguese most often left for Brazil, with which Portugal remained strongly interconnected even after Brazil gained independence. For Poles, the country of emigration was predominantly the U.S. It was there, on the territory of New England, that the representatives of both of the groups met, and even cooperated, in the weaving industry. Both in Portugal and Poland emigration commenced on peripheral territories (Madera and provinces neighboring with Spain in the case of Portugal and the Polish-German and Polish-Hungarian borderland in the case of Poland). In both groups the percentage of returnees was high. It is only later that the Portuguese will travel to other countries, e.g. in Western Europe. Polish emigrants have had already discovered routes to Western Europe. Poles numerously traveled for work also to the occupying states. In this phenomenon we can find similarities to Portuguese migration to the territory of their empire. Regardless of the destination, individual and family histories, be it Portuguese or Polish, were very similar. In the interwar period an interesting postscript has been added to these histories. Poland and certain circles made, unsuccessful, attempts to organize Polish settlement in the Portuguese colonies in Angola and Mozambique.

2

Kościół, etniczność, demokratyzacja – parafie polonijne w USA (1854–1930)

100%

Walaszek A.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

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2015

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vol. 41

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issue 1 (155)

5-66

EN

In America, in a new multiethnic, multilingual and strongly Protestant environment migrants had to redefine the borders of their identity and find their safe haven. Life in the US intensified and transformed ethno-religious engagement. Changes occurred amazingly fast but were often made in an atmosphere of tensions and conflicts. In the American Catholic Church a so-called „Polish problem” arose. Interestingly, it resulted from the migrants’ fervency, not from their indifference. The essay talks about some of the tensions which existed back then and tries to answer the question what were their causes, sources and how participants of these dramas (clergy, lay and American hierarchy) viewed and interpreted the events. What was happening in various parishes and towns throughout the US was a reaction to the new reality in which migrants found themselves upon their arrival in America. A rational but often dramatic reaction. The essay tries to take a bottom-up approach and in some parts uses previously undisclosed archival materials from the Secret Vatican Archives.

3

KAZIMIERZ ŻYCHLIŃSKI (24 II 1859 - 28 VIII 1927) DZIAŁACZ POLONII AMERYKAŃSKIEJ. NOTATKI DO BIBLIOGRAFII

100%

Walaszek A.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

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2013

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vol. 39

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issue 1(147)

243-256

EN

After his arrival to the U.S. and first years in New York, Kazimierz Żychliński moved to Chicago where he became involved in the Falcons movement and co-created the Polish Falcons Alliance in America. He was the president of the organization between 1894 and 1899. In the twentieth century he started a career as an officer in the Polish National Alliance, and in 1912 he was elected the president of PNA. He served on this post until his death in 1927. Thus, Żychliński became one of the most prominent figures of American Polonia and had an impact on Polonia politics. The article quotes his various statements and comments on the relations between the Polish diaspora and the II Polish Republic, aid for Poland, Polish-Jewish relations in America, and Polonia's internal politics, particularly from the period 1918-1922.

4

KRAJ EMIGRACJI I KRAJ IMIGRACJI: WCZESNY PARADOKS LUKSEMBURGA (DO 1914 R.)

100%

Walaszek A.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

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2013

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vol. 39

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issue 4(150)

5-18

EN

In the modern period, Luxembourg used to be one of those countries which traditionally sent out emigrants to various parts of the world (Europe, South and North America). A very high percentage of the population had been leaving the country. As of the 1880s the southern part of the Grand Duchy became a part of an industrial zone covering Lorraine and the Saar Basin where the heavy industry was developed – ore mines, steel mills, iron foundries. At that time the region attracted immigrants from the territory of Luxembourg and, increasingly often, also form other countries – Germany, Italy, France, Belgium. Nevertheless emigration from Luxembourg continued. Thus, at the turn of the century the country which produced a sixth of the worlds pig iron remained a land of emigration. A complete explanation of this paradox requires in-depth studies on the economy of the region. This should lead to answering a more basic question: when and under what circumstances did traditional migrant sending countries start to receive them? This article recalls basic facts and statistical data and presents the tendencies dominant at the time.

5

Antoni Małłek (1851-1917) – działacz Polonii amerykańskiej: muzyk i polityk

100%

Walaszek A.

Studia Polonijne

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2009

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vol. 30

371-377

PL

Antoni Małłek was one of the most outstanding activist in the Polish community in America. He emigrated from the Polish territory annexed by Prussia to the United States in 1871. Being educated in music he established the first Polish church choir at the Saint Stanisław Kostka parish in Chicago. In the next years he established several more choirs, among others one at the Saint Stanisław parish in Milwaukee (1873), a men's choir at the Saint Kazimierz parish in Northeim (1875), a women's choir „Wanda” and a men’s one named „Chopin” at the Saint Trinity parish in Chicago (1888), as well as „Chojnia”, which he conducted together with his brother, the organist Konstanty Małłek. He became an outstanding activist and promoter of choir movement. In 1886 he started the musical periodical „Ziarno”. In 1888 he established the Association of Polish Singers in America, and he took up the position of its General President. He was also involved in Polish community's political life, supporting the democratic-liberal side. In 1889 he became the General Secretary of the Polish National Association. In 1897 he established the Fryderyk Chopin Singing Society.

6

Rozwój polonijnych dzielnic i parafii w Cleveland, Ohio 1870-1930

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Walaszek A.

Studia Polonijne

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1993

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vol. 15

79-112

EN

The Polish districts in Cleveland were being built until the 1920s at the outskirts of the town. In the 1870s the Poles set up their own communities in the streets Tod and Fleet Ave. In the beginning of the 80s the Poles obtained the location of St. Stanislav’s church in Tod Street. The parish priest became the priest of Polish origin. Initially, the inhabitants of the parish were mainly immigrants from the Prussian sector. In the 80s and 90s there arrived newcomers from the Russian sector. The extended territory inhabited by Poles was called Warsaw. In 1890s in another district was set up a settlement called Poznan´ , and then the Poles built a church (1893) and erected St Casimir’s parish. The third site of the Poles’ settlement in Cleveland was the territory on the west bank of the river Cuyahoga whose centre became St. John Cantius’ parish (1897). It is from this parish that the name Kantowo has been derived. In 1906 yet another St Jack’s parish was established, and the territory around it inhabited by Poles was called Jackowo. In the beginning of the 20th c., in 1914, there was set up Our Lady of Cze˛stochowa’s parish. Before that in 1905 St Hedwig’s mission was set up, and in 1906 St Barbara’s church was built and the parish was erected. In the years 1920−1940 Polonia in Cleveland made the most numerous ethnic group. In 1927 St Peter’s and St Paul’s parish was erected and later or the parish of Corpus Christi.

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DWIE EUROPEJSKIE PERYFERIE: PORÓWNANIE MIGRACJI PORTUGALSKICH I POLSKICH OD XVI WIEKU DO WIELKIEJ WOJNY

Kościół, etniczność, demokratyzacja – parafie polonijne w USA (1854–1930)

KAZIMIERZ ŻYCHLIŃSKI (24 II 1859 - 28 VIII 1927) DZIAŁACZ POLONII AMERYKAŃSKIEJ. NOTATKI DO BIBLIOGRAFII

KRAJ EMIGRACJI I KRAJ IMIGRACJI: WCZESNY PARADOKS LUKSEMBURGA (DO 1914 R.)

Antoni Małłek (1851-1917) – działacz Polonii amerykańskiej: muzyk i polityk

Rozwój polonijnych dzielnic i parafii w Cleveland, Ohio 1870-1930