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EN
The paper reviews changes that are taking place in transaction cost theory, management, and management accounting systems used in enterprises employing lean production methods and forming long-term relationships with suppliers. In Williamson's transaction cost theory, these relations are defined as a hybrid form. Results of empirical research published in international literature suggest that interorganizational relationships create a new spectrum of research in management accounting. Management accounting information, just as interorganizational management processes, go beyond organizational boundaries of business partners engaged in hybrid transactions based on incomplete long-term contracts. The article outlines two new management accounting techniques: open book accounting and target costing chain, which provide information for interorganizational cost management in end product value chain. These methods, which originally were used in Japanese companies operating in various industries, are increasingly implemented in enterprises in other parts of the world.
EN
This paper investigates the impact of high technology and growing competition on global markets on the structure and level of costs in Germany and other developed countries. Changes in the structure in the occurrence of such new phenomena as:a) rise in the level of indirect costs of manufacturing and the proportion of total costs they comprise; b) drop in the level and proportion of direct manufacturing costs; c) increasingly steep rise in the level of fixed costs; d) increased proportion of long-term costs, the level of which is not related to the volume of production (e.g. costs of education and training, research and development). In view of the tendencies set out above the currently applied models of cost accounting have become inadequate for depicting cost-creating processes in modern enterprises. Full (absorption) costing and direct costing are being criticized strongly in Germany and English- speaking countries and work has been undertaken on the development of new costing models. This paper presents new tendencies in accounting research in Germany in the 1990s, includign Horvath and Mayer’s (1989) system of cost accounting for elementary processes and logistics costing by Weber (1987).
EN
The paper outlines the characteristic features of the lean enterprise and explains the aim, ba- sic principles and methods of lean accounting in the area of management accounting. It is necessary to devote more attention to this new accounting approach in the literature of the subject because lean accounting is being increasingly used in companies in Poland, particularly in global firms’ divisions located in our country. The paper discusses in more detail the performance measurement system, forms of communication and frequency of measurements, and their integration with the strategic financial goal and customer orientation.
EN
This paper describes the status of management accounting profession and outlines changes in the responsibilities of management accountants that took place at the turn of the 20"1 century in large corporations across the world. The changes are outlined on the basis of literature reporting the findings of empirical research carried out in the USA and Great Britain. Next, the results of surveys conducted by the author of this paper in 2000-2001 in Polish enterprises are presented. The aim of the research was establishment of the impact of Poland's economic restructuring and resulting changes in the business environment on the development of management accounting in enterprises operating on the basis of capital from different sources (central government, local government, Polish private capital and foreign capital). In the conducted research emphasis was placed on management methods and techniques used in companies, the role and organization of management accounting in an enterprise and the quality of management accounting personnel.
PL
W opracowaniu objaśnione zostały status i zmiany w zadaniach specjalistów rachunkowości zarządczej, jakie dokonały się na przełomie XX i XXI w. w wielkich firmach światowych, zmiany te zostały przedstawione na podstawie literatury opartej na wynikach badań empirycznych prowadzonych w USA i Wlk. Brytanii. Następnie przedstawione zostały wyniki badań własnych autorki prowadzonych w latach 2000-2001 w praktyce polskiej. Celem badań było poznanie wpływu zmian systemu gospodarczego w Polsce i warunków działania firm na rozwój rachunkowości zarządczej w firmach działających w oparciu o kapitał pochodzący z różnych źródeł (kapitał państwowy, samorządowy, prywatny polski oraz zagraniczny). W badaniach zwracano uwagę na stosowane metody i techniki rachunkowości zarządczej, jej organizację rachunkowości w firmach oraz jakość kadry i jej zadania.
HR
Šis straipsnis analizuoja valdymo apskaitos būklę ir pabrćżia valdymo apskaitininkų atsakomybes pokyčius, vykstančius 20 ir 21 amżių sanduroje didžiosiose pasaulio organizacijose. Pokyaai aprašyti remiantis literaturos analizę bei empirinių tyrimų, atliktų JAV ir Didżiojoje Britanijoje, rezultatais. Taip pat straipsnyje pateikiami 2000-2001 metais Lenkijoje atliktų apklausu rezultatai. Tyrimo tikslas buvo iśtirti Lenkijos ekonomikos restrukturizacijos ir verslo aplinkos pokyćių įtaką valdymo apskaitos vystymuisi priklausomai nuo investuoto kapitało formos (valstybinis, savivaldybių, Lenkijos privalus ar użsienio kapitalas). Atliktame tyrime buvo akcentuojami organizacijų valdymo metodai ir technikos, valdymo apskaitos vaidmuo ir organizavimas įmoneje bei valdymo apskaitos personalo kvalifikacija.
EN
This paper outlines all types of new technologies applied in companies at the turn of the 20th century in the field of production (e.g. flexible systems of production, transport), information systems and communication (e.g. CAD, CAP, CAM). It also describes integrated systems of manufacturing processes organization (e.g. Kanban, Lean production) and the linkage between cost accounting production plan system and CIM. This aim of this paper is to explain the effect of each of the new technologies on the structure and level of costs and revenues in the companies whose strategies include a high degree of innovativeness in order to remain competitive. The changes that are taking place in such companies in the area of costs and revenues provide motivation for adoption of modem cost accounting systems (e.g. ABC, Target Costing) in order to support management processes with relevant information essential to ensuring high efficiency of these processes.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest objaśnienie procesu ewoluowania elementów systemu rachunkowości organizacji gospodarczej pod wpływem zmian zachodzących w różnicach informacji oczekiwanych przez odbiorców wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych. Dla zrealizowania tego celu przedstawiono zamęt regulacyjny w obszarze rachunkowości i jego skutki dla rozwoju systemów rachunkowości w praktyce w Polsce oraz przeanalizowano zmiany w potrzebach informacyjnych interesariuszy w kontekście wprowadzanych zmian w sprawozdaniach finansowych, zintegrowanych raportach biznesowych i zmian w stosowanych metodach rachunkowości zarządczej w organizacjach społecznie odpowiedzialnych. Następnie przedstawiona została autorska propozycja nowej struktury systemu rachunkowości odpowiadająca jego współczesnej funkcjonalności w warunkach obecnego poziomu rozwoju globalizacji, zmierzającego w kierunku zrównoważonej gospodarki oraz szereg wniosków ogólnych wynikających z przedstawionych rozważań. W propozycji nowej struktury przyjęto, że system rachunkowości organizacji społecznie odpowiedzialnej powinien być zbudowany z podsystemu rachunkowości biznesowej, emitującego zintegrowany raport biznesowy (sprawozdanie finansowe + raporty niefinansowe) i wewnętrzne raporty dla zarządu oraz podsystemu rachunkowości podatkowej, emitującego informacje dla agend podatkowych. W opracowaniu artykułu zastosowano analizę treści i opinii autorów wybranych publikacji, metodę analizy dokumentów oraz wiedzę uzyskaną metodą obserwacji bezpośredniej i wyniki badań empirycznych innych autorów.
EN
The main goal of the article is to explain the process of evolution of the organization's accounting system elements as a result of changes taking place in information expected by internal and external users. To achieve this goal, regulatory uncertainties in the area of accounting and their consequences for the development of accounting systems in Polish practice are presented and changes in the information needs of stakeholders are analysed in the context of changes to financial statements, integrated business reports and changes in the methods of management accounting in socially responsible organizations. Next, a proposal for a new structure of the accounting system corresponding to its contemporary functionality is presented in the context of the current level of globalization development aimed at a sustainable economy, and a number of general conclusions are discussed. In the proposed new structure it was assumed that the accounting system of a socially responsible organization should consist of (1) a business account-ing subsystem, issuing an integrated business report (financial statements + non-financial reports) and internal reports for the board of directors and (2) a subsystem of tax accounting issuing information for tax agencies. The methods used in this study include analysis of the content and opinions of the authors of selected publications and analysis of documents. The study is also based on knowledge obtained by the method of direct observation and on the results of empirical research of other authors.
EN
This monographic is a result of long-term studies carried out by the research team from the Department of Accounting, University of Łódź, within the framework of an interministerial research project MR.I.30 , on "Development of Systems Analysis Methods und their Application in the National Economy". The aim of the project was to present accounting as an information system, in which measurement and communication of economic information in three time dimensions taken place by means of methods appropriate for accounting and serves requirement of the enterprise control.
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