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Guilt is never to be doubted? A novel experimental procedure

100%
Muniak P., Kulesza W.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2020
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vol. 51
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issue 1
44-50
EN
The literature shows that researchers used a wide variety of types of guilt manipulation. A common feature of these studies was that the subjects were not able to doubt their guilt. Additionally, these methods did not take into account the psychometric measurement of this emotion, as well as the possibility of simultaneously inducing other feelings, such as sadness or anger. In a carefully designed experiments, we found a method that is approachable to arrange, which additionally seems to be free from these methodological flaws. In our study participants were shown an arranged message suggesting that the experimenter’s work has been destroyed. In experiment 1 (N = 44), we showed that the method proposed by us significantly affects guilt. In experiment 2 (N = 89), we replicated our result, additionally demonstrating that our procedure significantly affected only the emotion of guilt (compared to other emotions) - which is a novelty. It also has been shown that complying with the request of the victim (conditional forgiveness) makes us feel less guilty, but it does not restore liking to this person - which was established by previous research. The discussion section summarizes the results, indicates their limitations, and proposes directions for future research.
2
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LOL! Can textual paralanguage be useful in marketing?

71%
Kulesza W., Muniak P., Doliński D., Grzyb T., Jemielniak D.
Marketing i Rynek
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2022
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issue 3
10-21
PL
Tekstualny parajęzyk (TPL) jest powszechnie stosowany w praktyce marketingowej, lecz nie ma pewności czy jest skuteczny. Ponieważ mimikra jest dobrym wskaźnikiem skutecznej komunikacji, autorzy artykułu postawili sobie za cel zbadanie, czy TPL jest naturalnie naśladowany (w mowie lub piśmie: „hm”, „aaaa”, „lol”), a w konsekwencji czy jest skutecznym narzędziem w komunikacji marketingowej. Uczestnicy trzech opisanych w artykule badań brali udział w wywiadach, gdzie byli losowo przydzielani do jednego z dwóch warunków. W warunkach eksperymentalnych eksperymentator włączał do rozmowy elementy TPL. Warunki kontrolne były wolne od tych ekspozycji. W badaniach mierzono skłonność uczestników do naśladowania TPL. Eksperymenty przeprowadzono na jednej z poznańskich uczelni wyższych na przełomie 2017 i 2018 roku. Uzyskane wyniki są spójne we wszystkich trzech eksperymentach. Stwierdzono, że TPL nie był naśladowany, w związku z czym może nie być korzystny dla osoby stosującej ten element podczas komunikacji. Wnioski przedstawione w artykule zaprzeczają codziennej praktyce komunikacji marketingowej. W świetle raportowanych eksperymentów ludzie nie naśladują TPL, co może świadczyć o braku oczekiwanych korzyści.
EN
Textual Paralanguage (TPL) is widely used in marketing practice. However, there is no consensus on its effectiveness. Since mimicry is a good proxy for communication effectiveness, we set out to determine if TPL is in fact being mimicked (in spoken or written form: "hm," "aaaa," "lol" which are exemplars of the TPL), and consequently, whether TPL is an effective tool in marketing communication. In three studies, participants took part in interviews and were randomly assigned to two condition groups. In the experimental group, the experimenter incorporated elements of TPL in the conversation. The control group had no exposure to TPL. We used several measures of the tendency to mimic TPL. The experiments were run at a university in Poznań (Poland), at the turn of 2017 and 2018. We found that TPL, often used in marketing communication, was not mimicked at all, and thus may not be beneficial to the agent using it. The findings of this paper contradict the everyday practice of marketing communication. The results are consistent across all three experiments. In light of the reported experiments, people do not imitate TPL in communication, which may signify that the expected benefits are lacking.
3
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Mimicry or Responsiveness? Verifying the Mimicry-as-a-Social-Glue Hypothesis

71%
Kulesza W., Muniak P., Czekiel M., Bedyńska S., Cisłak A.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2023
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vol. 54
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issue 1
48-51
EN
Mimicry has been proven to be responsible for many social consequences linked to social bonding: improved trust, liking, and rapport. This accumulating empirical evidence has mostly been based on experimental designs focused on comparisons between two conditions: an experimental condition involving mimicking behavior versus a control condition in which any movement or direct verbal reaction is withdrawn. Thus, it is unclear whether the observed differences stem from a potential increase in liking, trust, or rapport in the mimicry condition or a decrease thereof when naturally occurring gestures are not present during the interaction. To address this potential confound, we included an additional control condition involving responsiveness (but not mimicry) aimed at increasing both internal and external validity. We found significant differences between the mimicry condition and both control conditions, thereby lending support to the original mimicry-as-a-social-glue hypothesis.
4
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Exposing People to Others Not Following Recommendations Reduces Unrealistic Optimism. An Experiment During a Pandemic

61%
Kulesza W., Doliński D., Muniak P., Izydorczak K., Węgrzyn R., Rizulla A.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2023
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vol. 54
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issue 1
52-57
EN
Forty years of research on Unrealistic Optimism - a delusion that negative events are less likely and positive events are more likely to happen to oneself (in comparison to others) - has proved to be robust. Importantly, as a result, people holding this bias reduce their engagement in health prevention and following medical recommendations, etc., leading to the conclusion that this bias is dangerous. However, there is hardly any research on how to reduce this bias. To address this issue, an experiment in the real-life context of the COVID-19 pandemic was run. It was found that participants’ Unrealistic Optimism was reduced when they were exposed to the behavior of others who did not follow medical recommendations.
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