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Badania i konserwacja katedry wrocławskiej

100%

Małachowicz E.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1974

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issue 1

21-37

EN

After the rebuilding in the years 1946 — 51 of the damaged by war St. John the Baptist Cathedral in Wrocław in 1969 the further restoration and conservation were started. Their scope comprises the main façade of the sacred building whose construction lasted as long as from the first half of the ,13th century to the end of 16th century, the later Baroque ex tensions excluded. The sanctuary with its surrounding yard and the uncompleted east towers were erected in 1244—1272 whereas the nave and the lower portions of west towers were completed in the mid-fourteenth century. The Our Lady chapel at the east side was added in 1354—1301 while the seemingly uncompleted east porch in 1465—1468. The north-west tower with its Gothic spire was ready in 1416 but that south-western had to wait for its completion until the Renaissance times. Of numerous fires and damages this Cathedral has suffered in various times the most apparent traces were left by the fire in 1759 which destroyed the tower roofs, the west gable end and the stone framings and transoms of windows in the nave. Restoration carried out in 1873—75 and that in 1908—»1920 have both introduced a number of pseudo-Gothic elements leaving thus the east and west façades deformed till our daysj During the first stage of restoration in 1969—71 were carried out the investigations, conservation and reconstruction of west façade. In the course of works the renderings were removed thus revealing the big Gothic window in the west side and then, after removing of pseudo-Gothic brick facings on the gable end were revealed its partly preserved architectural forms from the end of the 18th century and an external gallery 1.06 m wide. As this gable end exhibited quite poor architectural values and was stuffed with fragments of stones from that original Gothic it has been demolished. Both thirty fragments of the original Gothic stonework and the preserved illustrative materials supplied a background for conservation and restoration. Conserved and reconstructed have been only the entirely certain as to their provenience elements of gable end enabling to reconstruct its general shape, namely its divisions parting it into two „storeys” by means of a frieze of whom, the lower, brick - -built part with two doors formed the access to gallery while the upper one, triangular in shape, was dismembered by five pilaster-strips raising above the gable end cornice. Due to the lack of historical sources that could supply the adequate evidence it has been resigned of decorative niches in the gable end. The numerous preserved and conserved elements of original stonework have been built into the reconstructed wall portions. The parapet in the gallery, the window openings and pinnacles on the gable end have been designed in somewhat simplified forms, however, in general nearing those of architecture of the whole building. The west porch was subjected to investigations and conservation both in its original lower Gothic portion and in that upper, pseudo-Gothic dating from 1873—75 with a simultaneous filling of losses. The second stage of conservation in 197il—1973 comprised the east elevation where, as a consequence of investigations carried out, was resonstructed the window with a stone transom located lin gable end of attic portion and a gallery supported by the consoles running along the gable end. In addition, the roof sheltering the Our Lady chapel has been reconstructed in the forms that are visible in illustrative materials. The reconstruction of the window having three- -„storey” divisions с or responding as to their levels to the original rafter framing levels, together with a door leading to gallery was carried out on the basis of the granite stonework of transoms. The discoveries dealt with in the present report as well as the conserved and partly reconstructed details of the Wrocław Cathedral can be treated as typical elements of „cathedral” architecture borrowed from the West European building art. It deserves to be emphasised, however, that there are not available any other examples of such design that could be considered as those possessing the same value as the Wrocław Cathedral.

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Późnogotyckie hełmy wież wrocławskich i problem odbudowy hełmów wież katedry

100%

Małachowicz E.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1974

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issue 4

268-284

EN

The skyline of Wroclaw’s historic centre in which the tower spires played a dominating role has su ffe r ed considerable losses as a result of great battle that was fougth here in spring of 1945. From among a total of nineteen spires shooting prior to 1945 only three medieval spires fu lly survived and the two others preserved in parts. After the World War II was preserved only one spire, namely that on the tower of the Holy Cross Collegiate Church. The restoration of the Old Town panorama although running slowly is being carried out very carefully and systematically. As one of its most important steps is to be considered the rebuilding of spires crowning the towers of the Wroclaw Cathedral. Tending to its completion the restoration of façades requires that also this architectural element be solved. The scarcely available illustrative materials did not until now allow to prepare a satisfactory version of design for reconstruction of its Gothic spire, whereas that later, i.e. coming from the Renaissance period, had never been taken into consideration at all. As the unique and at the same time most important illustrative source presenting the spire on the Cathedral’s northern tower can be handled the panoramic v iew of the town of Wroclaw shown in the „Chronicle” by Hartmann Schedel that was printed in 1493. However, the right interpretation of the above illustration made requirable a series of more comprehensive studies with which was covered an entire group of medieval spires of the Wroclaw towers. In the mid-fourteen century the erection of the most representative buildings of that town was nearly completed. During the early years of that century were erected the spired towers of Dominican Church and of City Hall. The erection of the remaining towers lasted throughout the entire fourteenth century and in some instances prolonged up to the eighties of the fifteenth century. In that particular case of Cathedral Church it has finally been completed in the second half of the 16th century and in addition already in Renaissance forms. Within his present study the author, basing on illu strative sources, data coming from written records and from investigations of relics and traces preserved in situ, has reconstructed the silhouettes of the seven late-Gothic spires, namely those on towers of St. Albert’s, St. Magdalene, St. Elizabeth, St. James’s, St. Matthew’s, of City Hall and of St. John’s Cathedral. This allowed to consider the drawing by Schedel more realistically and to utilize it as a fully reliable historic source. The spires crowning the Wroclaw towers represented a few kinds of pyramidal shapes characteristically situated on the tower terrace surrounded by a stone parapet. These structures having enormous heights, in some instances amounting to 25 and even to 60 m e tres, formed the final stage of the late Gothic architectural features clearly pointing to predominance of form over the then available constructional and material possibilities. During their lifetimes, oscillating between this of 47 and 124 years all they, except l'or that in Holy Cross Church, suffered destruction as a consequence of loosening of their joints and deterioration of material. In light of the present study the reconstructed silhouette of the Cathedral spire erected in 1416 had the shape of a square-based pyramid rising above the tower terrace surrounded by a stone parapet. The dimensions of the spire base corresponded to those of the tower’s interior. The heights of spires varied within a range from 26 (Holy Cross Church) to 59 metres (St. Elizabeth) counting from the level of terrace up to the sphere supporting the cross. The sloping angle of the spire sides, amounting to 82—86°, that is usually observed in the other surveyed Gothic spires of the Wroclaw towers in the case under discussion determined the height of 39 to 40 metres. The only doubt may arise as to the height at which was situated the upper floor gallery and thus as to the size of the latter. Of secondary importance seem to be the details of both gallery and crowning as it is well known that the gallery was decorated with eight gilded balls while the top ended with a gilded sphere and a cross. The previously planned restoration of the destructed in 1759 spires of Wroclaw Cathedral had as its sole objective the rebuilding of Gothic shapes and such plans were continued until the end of the nineteenth century. The designs presented by architect J. Ebers, in 1905, and by E. von Rechenberg, in 1907, did not gain an approval and in 1911 that of II. Hartung was adopted for execution. However, already in the course of its realization it has been partly altered. All the above designs were based on illustration in Schedel’s „Chronicle”, but all they interpreted it in different ways and let be said here — in general, quite unsatisfactorily. At present, in addition to reconstruction of historical forms, it is suggested to shape the spires in modern forms or to leave the towers without spires and with their crowning formed of terraces and parapets only. The reconstruction of the medieval architectural forms is suggested by both possibilities to recover them and the changes in architecture of neo-Gothic façades that have been introduced in the nineteenth and early in the twentieth century. However, with a Gothic spire was covered only the northern tower and at present a pair of spires is required. Thus the building of two spires would be something more than a pure reconstruction. It would be some kind of continuation of medieval idea whose realization has been broken by the style changes. It would not be the first undertaking of that kind in Europe and it seems that several views expressed here are speaking in favour of its starting.

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Problemy konserwacji średniowiecznej faktury i polichromii architektonicznej we Wrocławiu

100%

Małachowicz E.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1965

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issue 4

17-34

FR

Les valeurs stru ctu ra les e't colorisitiques du m a té riel en brique, consolidées e t développées p a r des traitements supplémentaires fu ren t utilisées au Moyen Age à la décoration des monuments construits de ce matériel. Vu la relation stric te de ce tte technique avec le matérie l de construction et sa subordination aux formes anchitectoniques, on lui a donné le nom de „polychromie architectonique”. Il s ’agit ici des moyens d ’a rtis an a t perm e ttan t de fa ire apprécier la s tru c tu re e t la polychromie rustique des éléments en question, à savoir: l’ap p a re illage des murs en brique, joints, crépis, voûtes avec nervures e't détails en pie rre ainsi que façades. L’appareillage du miur en brique, nommé vendéen, le plus ancien, provenant du X III-m e siècle, révélé dans les premières constructions u n p aremen t décora tif d e la face de 'brique en forme d’un réseau d’entailles, effectué en général av an t la cuite des briques. Successivement, la trame des murs en b rique, nommée polonaise, présente dans une période ultérieure, une décoration bicolore, composée de b riques rouges régulières e t de boutisses foncées fo rte ment cuites. En outre, à Wrocław, vers la fin du XV-me siècle, on se se rva it de la tram e en 'brique séparée p a r des pierres de taille. Tous les murs d u Moyen Age ont en principe des joints d’un finissage soigné, effectués en deux formes principales, joints p la ts et saillante dont chacune appa raît en plusieurs versions. Dans les ’intérieurs du X III-me siècle, l’application des crépis é tait limitée aux voussures, parfois aux soUs-arcs e t aux niches. CJe n ’est que vers la fin /diu XIV-me siècle, à Wirocłaiw, q u ’on commença à appliquer à une plus large échelle, des crépis aux intérieurs, qu ’on assortissait avec des éléments v e rticaux, arcs et profile rouges en brique. Vers la fin du XV-me siècle ,1e crépli s e rt également à couvrir les profils des nervures. Les crépis gothiques étaient fins, d ’épaisseur de 3 à 7 mm., e t le mortier calcaire — couleur gris n ature l on gris-jaunâtre. À Wrocław, on ne ju g e ait pas utile d’enduire le mortie r de peinture. Les voussures étaient toujours recouvertes de crépi et blanchies de lait calcaire. Les nervures de 'brique conservaient pour la p lu p a rt leur parement naturel, elles é taien t seulement recouvertes généralement de couleur rouge avec des joints blancs enduits de la it calcaire. Les nervures de pierre, à p a rt des exceptions relativement peu nombreuses, conservaient leur parement et couleurs naturels. Seuls, les voussoirs, supports, chapitaux, eltc., é taien t souvent polychromes. Vers la fin du XV-me siècle, les nervures étaient pour la p lu p a rt enduites de crépi e t 'couvertes de blanc de chaux épais, puis peintes en couleurs: rouge ou jaune. De même, la 'trame du mur e t p a rticu liè re ment les parties profilées étaient peintes de méthodes différentes,. Cela pouvait ê tre une tram e de brique p u re avec des jointe recouverts de couleur blanche ou des éléments de murs e t des arcs d e b riq u e ainsi que des murs entiers recouverts de peinture rouge avec des raie s blanches des joints, souvent rectifiés, ou bien des joints recouverts de couleur rouge-brique po u r égaliser la nuance de la couleur d e la brique. En ce qui concerne la tram e bicolore polonaise qui à l’intrados é ta it le plus souvent contrefaite, soit dit recouverte de peintures, on enduisait les boutisses de couleur gris-clair, les bords des briques de couleur rouge e t les jointe de couleur blanche. En p rép a ra n t le décor polychromique de briquecrépi, à côté des crépis blanchis des murs, toutes les verticales profilées, arcs e t arêtes de brique étaient recouverte die couleur rouge avec les raies blanches des jointe. Vers lia fin du XV-me siècle e t au début du XVI-ime siècle, les crépis couvrant également les parties profilées contenaient des verticales et profilés similaires recouverts de peinture rouge. Des trac es de la polychromie su r la façade, semblables aux précitées, se sont conservées dans des monuments peu nombreux, notamment: dans la p a rtie de la cathédrale datée du XIII-me siècle, dans l’église St. Barbe e t dans l’église des Bernardins. Les données rassemblées au cours de recherches effectuées su r les monuments endommagés pendant la guerre e t d u ra n t les travaux de conservation, perme ttent d ’é tab lir des méthodes de conservation justes e t appropriées dans ce domaine. Outre l’enlèvement de crépis et de blancs de chaux du monument, il est souvent nécessaire de compléter ce ty p e de polychromie, et, même, ce qui arrive le plus souvent, il e s t indispensable de re s ta u re r la p e in tu re entière. Comme les recherches réalisées o n t démontré, le parement de 'brique p u re avec des joints au finissage soigné é ta it sans aucun doute recouvert de crépi au préalable, s ’il é ta it dépourvu de toute polychromie. Un au tre problème se pose s'il s ’agit des supports de parements et de polychromies, appa rus au cours de reconstructions successives, p a r exemple: l‘église St. Adalbert à Wrocław, oû deux parements différents de la nef du X III-m e siècle et du choeur fu re n t recouverts en 1492 d’un troisième décor polychromique en brique-crépi. Ce tte dernière polychromie fu t repe inte après les dévastations de la guerre en vue de son origine historique qui donne à l’in té rieu r un aspect uniforme.

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3 Ochrona Zabytków

3 Małachowicz E.

2 1974

1 1965

Badania i konserwacja katedry wrocławskiej

Późnogotyckie hełmy wież wrocławskich i problem odbudowy hełmów wież katedry

Problemy konserwacji średniowiecznej faktury i polichromii architektonicznej we Wrocławiu