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EN
The article contains an analysis of the concept of the personal subject according to Jacques Maritain, taking into consideration the issue of liberty (the freedom to choose and one's internal autonomy) and the relations between a man (a person and an individual) and social life (community and society). The issue of the mentioned concept is expanded by discussing particular problems of: the manifestations of personal and non-personal entities' subjective activity; the relations between the subject and the person; subjective and objective modes of man's existence and activity; the structure of the personal subject. The multifaceted approach to liberty comprises its external (the freedom to choose), internal (the freedom of one's internal autonomy), positive (choosing significantly valuable goals and putting them into effect) and negative (freedom from compulsion) dimensions. Man's relation towards social life defined by Jacques Maritain takes into consideration the priority of the person over the individual and that of the community over the society. Common good – co-being and cooperation are not in conflict with the person's human dignity.
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The following article includes an analysis of human emotions concept, according to The Phenomenology of Dietrich von Hildebrand. This phenomenology is an example of an explanatory and critical role of the philosophy in an evaluation of upbringing and educational attitudes. A neglect of inward feelings leads to the selective formation of a person in the educational and upbringing process, based on the reductionist concept of man. A rehabilitation of human emotions is connected with an appreciation of higher feelings in upbringing, in which an enculturation, socialization and personalization are considered complementary. The three basic forms of contribution in values (i.e.: values embodiment, unification and creation) also have a significant meaning in upbringing. An analytic and pragmatic reason overgrowth and will overestimation lead to an emotional reduction. A “humble, righteous and loving I” is the source of the feelings which are adequate to cognised values. Issues of the human emotions complexity, an attitude towards values, an inharmonious development of human cognitive, aspiring and emotional spheres as well as the personal “I” are analysed in the phenomenological approach that emphasises an intentionality in human – world relations, an objective character of the values existing in a non-subjective world and essential dimension of the experience of a person.
EN
The paper is a report on the research whose purpose was to empirically assert a correlation between an adequate attitude towards time and a high level of personality correlates which condition optimal functioning. The research problem reads as follows: whether and in what way the attitude towards time is linked with such dimensions of personality as neuroticism, extroversy, openness to experience, conformity and task-mindedness, which are connected with a positive functioning of the individual. A theoretical analysis of the bases of these attitudes permitted me to formulate a hypothesis which says that an adequate attitude towards time is linked with an intensification of those personality traits which are related to the positive functioning of the individual. This adequate attitude is expressed by the preference of the present time and immediate future, and is in opposition to the preference of the future. In order to verify the above hypothesis I have done survey research on the group of 128 female students (aged 20-22) from he first and third year of pedagogy and the third year of psychology of the Catholic University of Lublin. In order to study the attitudes towards time I made use of the Tc Scale from E. L. Shostrom’s Questionnaire of Self-actualization (POI). Whereas for the study of personality correlates I used NEO-PI Personality Inventory by P. T. Costy and R. R. Crae. The findings allowed me to formulate the following conclusions:1. The persons with a low temporal adequacy differ considerably from the persons with a high temporal adequacy as regards the majority of the traits which condition self-actualization (self-respect, inner self-control, the value of the self-actualizing persons, self-acceptance, ability to keep close contact with others, spontaneity and personal flexibility).2. The persons with a high temporal adequacy reach a considerably higher level of intensification of such personality dimensions (influencing in turn a positive functioning) as: lack of neuroticism, conformity or cordiality and sociability than the persons with a low temporal adequacy.
EN
The paper sought to analyze some forms of commitment to the formation of culture in various areas of activity in life. Moreover, the characterization of activities in social, cultural, moral, religious, aesthetic and cognitive life has been supplemented by a description of higher feelings, metaneeds and cultural values, as examined in psychology. It is J. Pastuszka (1897-1989), philosopher and theologian (concerned also with psychology), who takes participation and the formation of culture as a direction of activity in life. The positive aspect of such an approach to commitment in the formation of objective and subjective culture is its reference to action (conscious and purposeful behaviour), a behaviour that is not a weakly controlled expression of one's own experiences. Intentionality, the participation of reflective and normative awareness (moral assessment), characterizes the conception of culture on the basis of which J. Pastuszka analyzes the activity of man.
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