Variability of air temperature inversions over Cracow in relation to the atmospheric circulationTemperature inversion is a phenomenon in which air temperature increases with altitude. The studies on air temperature inversions in Cracow were based on various data and methods e.g. data from standard and automatic meteorological stations, radiosonde observations, lidar and sodar measurements. They showed the annual and diurnal variability of temperature inversions, but most of them did not investigate the multi-annual trends in the occurrence of temperature inversions. Due to the relationship between meteorological conditions and air quality, it is important to study the multi-annual, annual and diurnal variability of air temperature inversions. The main aim of this article is to determine the multi-annual variability of air temperature inversions in Cracow and its relation to synoptic situation. Moreover, the annual and diurnal variability of temperature inversions is shown. The study is based on data derived from NCEP - NCAR reanalysis and the classification of synoptic situation types by T. Niedźwiedź. In this paper two parameters of inversions are presented – frequency and intensity. The study confirmed that the frequency and intensity of inversions have annual and diurnal variation. Multi-annual changes in the numbers of days with temperature inversion were also observed – a statistically significant increase in the 1000 – 925 hPa layer as well as in the intensity of temperature inversions – a statistically significant increase in the 1000 – 925 hPa, 1000 – 850 hPa and 925 – 850 hPa layers. It was proved that a very strong relationship exists between the days with temperature inversion and the anticyclonic situation, especially with the air-flow from south, south-west and south-east.
The primary goal of the study was to examine the temporal and spatial variability of values of selected atmospheric instability indices over Poland for the period 2005–2014. The research involved six indices most frequently applied in convection forecasting – Convective Available Potential Energy, K-Index, Lifted Index, Severe Weather Threat Index, Showalter Index and Total Totals Index. The data from three Polish upper air sounding stations (Łeba, Legionowo, Wrocław), as well as SYNOP codes on present and past weather and reports on severe meteorological phenomena from the European Severe Weather Database were used in this study. It was found that extremely high values of the selected indices were characterised by strong temporal and spatial variability. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the days when no convective events were observed, despite extreme values of instability indices, demonstrated that the occurrence of isothermal or inversion layers were the most common mechanisms inhibiting the development of severe convective phenomena. Convection was also inhibited when the area was free from an influence of atmospheric fronts, convergence zones or low-pressure troughs.
PL
Głównym celem opracowania jest ocena czasowej i przestrzennej zmienności ekstremalnych wartości wybranych wskaźników chwiejności w Polsce w latach 2005–2014. Badania wykonano w odniesieniu do ekstremalnych wartości sześciu indeksów chwiejności – Convective Available Potential Energy, K-Index, Lifted Index, Severe Weather Threat Index, Showalter Index i Total Totals Index. Podstawę badań stanowiły dane pomiarowe z polskich stacji aerologicznych – Łeba, Legionowo, Wrocław – z lat 2005–2014. Ponadto w opracowaniu wykorzystano informacje z depesz SYNOP i raporty o groźnych zjawiskach meteorologicznych bazy European Severe Weather Database. Badania pozwoliły na rozpoznanie wyraźnej czasowej i przestrzennej zmienności ekstremalnych wartości omawianych wskaźników. Szczegółowej analizie poddano trzy dni, w których mimo ekstremalnych wartości wybranych indeksów nie wystąpiły żadne z analizowanych zjawisk konwekcyjnych. Wykazano, że hamowaniu ruchów pionowych zwykle sprzyjało występowanie warstw izotermicznych i inwersyjnych w swobodnej atmosferze. Dodatkowym czynnikiem ograniczającym rozwój konwekcji było położenie badanego obszaru poza zasięgiem oddziaływania frontów atmo- sferycznych, stref zbieżności lub zatok niżowych.
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