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The Role of Itinerant Peddlers in Exchanges between Sedentary and Nomadic People in the Ancient Near East on Ethnographic Studies among Qashqai Tribe of Fars, Iran

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REZAEI M. H., KALANTARI F., MAKSYMIUK K.
Historia i Świat
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2024
|
vol. 13
191–209
EN
Complex nomadic communities have been nurtured for centuries in the Near East with extensive economic and social interactions with sedentary people in agricultural villages as well as with urban centers. The role of the exchange and trade can still be observed today in the dealings of seminomads with itinerant peddlers. Itinerant peddlers (or Pilevar), also known as Tawaf, visited black tents for exchange of goods. In the present study, by adopting an ethnographic approach (face-to-face interview) among the Qashqai nomads of Dashtak in Kazeroun County, we studied the mechanisms of trade, commerce, and exchange of goods and reviewed the role and performance of itinerants in relation to sedentary people and nomads in Qashqai tribe. In this way, we intended to determine the relationship between dynamic and static communities and explore the mechanisms of trade in prehistoric times. According to archaeological evidence and ethnographic research among the nomads of Dashtak in Kazeroun, it can be stated that the itinerant peddlers have played an important role in transactions, exchanges, and trade between nomadic tribes and sedentary people. Such exchanges and transactions between nomads and itinerant peddlers were realized from prehistoric times up to now through barter of goods with goods. Studies and the initial reports from southwest Iran show that itinerant peddlers played a major role in transactions, exchanges, and trade between nomadic and sedentary people.
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Investigating the Scenes of Daily Activities on Ancient Elamite seals during the Susa II Period

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REZAEI M. H., ARAB H. A., ENTEZARIAN M.
Historia i Świat
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2024
|
vol. 13
9–28
EN
A seal is typically made of stone or mineral material, ivory, shell, metal, wood, clay, or a combination of bitumen, and usually bears an engraved design. In this study, we aim to examine and analyze the scenes related to daily activities depicted on Elamite seals. In this research, 29 seal impressions associated with scenes of daily activities from the Susa II period have been investigated and evaluated. The selection of these seal impressions was based on factors such as the clear location of discovery, precise dating, clarity of the designs and scenes on the seal (lack of damage to the engraving), and the credibility of the source providing information about the seal and its impression. In this study, Elamite seals (Susa II) have been compared in terms of iconography, classification, and then with contemporaneous seals in Mesopotamia. Generally, the motifs observed on Elamite seals of the Susa II period that can be classified within the framework of daily activities include: agriculture and cultivation, animal husbandry, issuance and transportation of goods, activities related to grain storage, workshop activities, hunting, and minstrelsy. By examining these motifs, it can be observed that women were often engaged in agricultural activities, work in various workshops such as pottery and weaving, and some activities related to animal husbandry, while men were engaged in more physically demanding and time-consuming tasks; for example, men were more involved in agriculture, hunting, animal husbandry, and laboring.
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