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Przeobrażenia współczesnego małżeństwa

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Janicka I., Instytut Psychologii U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica
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2002
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vol. 06
EN
Transformations of a marriage concern not only its formal features that result from the subsequent developmental phases of every dyad, but are determined by its dynamics as well. The dynamic aspect of marriage functioning includes its different qualities in different phases or even situations of the partners’ common life. In each phase, five qualities of marriage may be actualised or one of them may become dominant. Every change is a potential source of a conflict, crisis, or menace. In progressive development of a marriage it is assumed that its imperfect qualities last for a short time and apparent or real satisfaction is achieved. Confronting individual needs, fancies, and expectations of partners may lead either to creative development, which results in their mutual adaptation and improving the relationship, or to deepening differences, which lowers its quality. The highest form of mutual understanding and adapting of partners in a marriage is the so called variable model. It consists in permeation of the traditional model and the partner one. Tasks for the partners are determined by a current situation to which they adapt. Depending on the situation, tasks related to housekeeping and caring for children are taken over by one partner (not necessarily a woman) or both partners become equally engaged. A relationship between a model of marriage and its quality is indicated. Respecting the traditional model or the partner one stiffly occurs to become a reason for conflicts and crises in marriage, which are repeated in subsequent phases of the dyad’s life. The variable model is submitted to the dynamics of the dyad’s life and thus it favours success in marriage. The flexibility of partners in these relationships results from their high empathy and optimal communication, the features that have been evidenced in earlier research.
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FUMIGATION AS A PREVENTIVE MEASURE AGAINST CHOLERA - A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE SECOND EPIDEMICS OF CHOLERA IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (Fumigacja jako srodek profilaktyczny przeciwko cholerze - przyczynek do historii drugiej epidemii cholery w C

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Janicka I.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 1
67-78
EN
On of the most serious diseases which attacked Europe in the 19th c. was cholera. The 19th c. saw five pandemics which reduced the world population by 30 to 40 million people. Before vibrio cholerae was isolated by Robert Koch in 1883, doctors had not known the source of infection and had applied the means of treatment and prevention which were commonly used in the case of other contagious diseases. The article describes the method of purifying the air during an epidemics called fumigation. Interiors were fumigated with the fumes of natural substances (juniper, vinegar or even animal manure) or chemicals (calcium chloride). The former were easily available in any household; the latter could be bought at the chemist's. Calcium chloride was dispensed free of charge. Fumigation was recommended in official documents, although its effectiveness was generally doubted. Moreover, the fumes of vinegar or calcium chloride irritated the eyes and throats. Nevertheless, fumigation was applied almost until the end of the 19th c.
3
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Style komunikacji w związkach kohabitacyjnych

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Janicka I.
Psychologiczne Zeszyty Naukowe
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2016
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issue 2
37-50
PL
Celem badań było określenie stylów komunikacyjnych partnerów ze związków kohabitacyjnych. Zbadano 120 par heteroseksualnych (240 osób), żyjących w związku kohabitacyjnym. Grupę kontrolną stanowiło 140 małżeństw (280 osób). W sumie przebadano 520 osób w wieku od 21 do 44 lat. Do badań wykorzystano Macierz Stylów Społecznych (MSS) D.W. Merrilla i R. Reida. Wyniki badań wykazały, że zachowania komunikacyjne partnerów zależą od charakteru ich relacji. Partnerów kohabitujących charakteryzują zachowania komunikacyjne o większej asertywności i mniejszej wrażliwości niż małżonków.
EN
The objective of the research was to analyse communication styles in cohabitation relationships. The group of 120 heterosexual couples (240 people) living in an informal relationship was examined. The control group consisted of 140 marriages (280 people). In total 520 people aged 21-44 were examined. In the study there was used the Social Style Matrix (MMS) by D. W. Merrill and R. Reid. Results of the analysis indicated that communication styles of partners depend on the character of their relation. Partners in non-marital relationships are identified with higher assertiveness and lower sensibility in communication behaviour in comparison with married people.
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„Medycynierki, medyczki, lekarki” – dyskryminacja naukowa i zawodowa kobiet‑lekarek w wybranych państwach europejskich oraz USA w XIX wieku

100%
Janicka I.
Studia Historica Gedanensia
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2013
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vol. Volume 4 (2013)
69-91
EN
Until the 19th century woman’s role in the family and in the society was clearly defined – she was to be a housekeeper, a mother and a wife to her husband. As a result, her education and upbringing aimed at preparing her to perform these roles. However, in the 19th century women decided to break the stereotype and more often and more willingly, took up steps which allowed them to gain a specific profession, thus becoming independent (especially financially) from their husbands. The suffragists of the times were particularly interested in medicine and doctor or nurse professions, which not only aroused discontent among men (not just doctors) but was also perceived scandalous. It was proved by numerous press discussions on this topic, discriminating system of higher education recruitment, as well as peculiar professional ostracism of „female‑mediciners” or „female‑medicos” as they were maliciously called. With time, thanks to determination of the feminist heroines including Poutret de Manchamps, Louise Otto, or Emily Wüstenfels universities in France and in German countries slowly began to open their doors to women. It also happened in Switzerland, Belgium, Austria, Hungary, Scandinavia and the United States (the example of two sisters Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell). Women in had the greatest number of obstacles overcome, which is testified by the fate of Jessie Meriton White and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, the first English female doctor. In countries where access to medical faculties was open only to men, women candidates went abroad to acquire education and then came back (though not always) to their homeland. Such was the story of the Russian Nadezhda Prokofiewna Suslov, recognized as the first doctor with a PhD title in Europe, who received doctor of medicine degree in Zurich in 1867. At the beginning of the twentieth century Polish women acted alike, e.g. Maria Elizabeth Zakrzewska or Melania Lipińska and many others. It is worth noting that in their fight for equality of rights, women had to accept some compromise. And so, in order not to compete with men, they were educated as specialists in women’s and children’s diseases, responding to more and more visible demand in the society. In addition, with help from patrons and sponsors, they founded schools for girls, thus putting into practice male postulate of single‑sex education.
5
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Poczucie bezpieczeństwa i zaangażowanie w relacje interpersonalne młodych kobiet

63%
Janicka I., Janicka K.
Polskie Forum Psychologiczne
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2014
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vol. 19
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issue 2
209-228
EN
More and more young women decide on cohabitation or single life which may result from difficulties concerning engaging in close interpersonal relationships. The aim of the study was to answer the question of whether there is a connection between marital status of women and their involvement in the relationship? as well as whether the sense of security may decide about engaging in a relationship with another person? The research involved 240 women in early adulthood: single women (80 women), women in cohabitation (82 women) and married women (78 women). The study used The Questionnaire Sense of Security of Uchnast (1990) and the standardized interview for the study of involvement in relationships. Studies have shown the connection between the marital status of women and the level of interpersonal involvement (p = 0,001). Higher and full commitment applies to married women in comparison to women who are in cohabitation and living alone. Commitment indicates the possibility of building a lasting relationship and depends on the sense of security.
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